Sammi Aditi, Chandra Pranjal
Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nanobioengineering School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Biotechnol Bioeng. 2023 Nov;120(11):3116-3136. doi: 10.1002/bit.28490. Epub 2023 Jul 13.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is emerging as one of the major causes of the increase in mortality rate and is expected to become 5th major cause by 2050. Many studies have shown that it is majorly related to various risk factors, and thus becoming one of the major health issues around the globe. Early detection of renal disease lowers the overall burden of disease by preventing individuals from developing kidney impairment. Therefore, diagnosis and prevention of CKD are becoming the major challenges, and in this situation, biosensors have emerged as one of the best possible solutions. Biosensors are becoming one of the preferred choices for various diseases diagnosis as they provide simpler, cost-effective and precise methods for onsite detection. In this review, we have tried to discuss the globally developed biosensors for the detection of CKD, focusing on their design, pattern, and applicability in real samples. Two major classifications of biosensors based on transduction systems, that is, optical and electrochemical, for kidney disease have been discussed in detail. Also, the major focus is given to clinical biomarkers such as albumin, creatinine, and others related to kidney dysfunction. Furthermore, the globally developed sensors for the detection of CKD are discussed in tabulated form comparing their analytical performance, response time, specificity as well as performance in biological fluids.
慢性肾脏病（CKD）正逐渐成为死亡率上升的主要原因之一，预计到2050年将成为第五大主要死因。许多研究表明，它主要与各种风险因素相关，因此成为全球主要的健康问题之一。早期发现肾脏疾病可通过防止个体出现肾功能损害来降低疾病的总体负担。因此，CKD的诊断和预防正成为主要挑战，在这种情况下，生物传感器已成为最佳解决方案之一。生物传感器正成为各种疾病诊断的首选之一，因为它们为现场检测提供了更简单、经济高效且精确的方法。在本综述中，我们试图讨论全球开发的用于检测CKD的生物传感器，重点关注其设计、模式以及在实际样品中的适用性。基于转导系统的生物传感器的两大分类，即用于肾脏疾病检测的光学和电化学分类，已进行了详细讨论。此外，主要关注的是临床生物标志物，如白蛋白、肌酐以及其他与肾功能不全相关的标志物。此外，以表格形式讨论了全球开发的用于检测CKD的传感器，比较了它们的分析性能、响应时间、特异性以及在生物流体中的性能。
