Halide Tunablility Leads to Enhanced Biomechanical Energy Harvesting in Lead-Free CsSnX-PVDF Composites.

The main challenges impeding the widespread use of organic-inorganic lead halide perovskites in modern-day technological devices are their long-term instability and lead contamination. Among other environmentally convivial and sustainable alternatives, CsSnX (X = Cl, Br, and I) compounds have shown promise as ambient-stable, lead-free materials for energy harvesting, and optoelectronic applications. Additionally, they have demonstrated tremendous potential for the fabrication of self-powered nanogenerators in conjunction with piezoelectric polymers like polyvinylidene-fluoride (PVDF). We report on the fabrication of composites constituting solvothermally synthesized CsSnX nanostructures and PVDF. The electroactive phases in PVDF were boosted by the incorporation of CsSnX, leading to enhanced piezoelectricity in the composites. First-principles density functional theory (DFT) studies were carried out to understand the interfacial interaction between the CsSnX and PVDF, which unravels the mechanism of physisorption between the perovskite and PVDF, leading to enhanced piezoresponse. The halide ions in the inorganic CsSnX perovskites were varied systematically, and the piezoelectric behaviors of the respective piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) were investigated. Further, the dielectric properties of these halide perovskite-based hybrids are quantified, and their piezoresponse amplitude, piezoelectric output signals, and charging capacity are also evaluated. Out of the several films fabricated, the optimized CsSnI_PVDF film shows a piezoelectric coefficient () value of ∼200 pm V and a remanent polarization of ∼0.74 μC cm estimated from piezoresponse force microscopy and polarization hysteresis loop measurement, respectively. The optimized CsSnI_PVDF-based device produced an instantaneous output voltage of ∼167 V, a current of ∼5.0 μA, and a power of ∼835 μW across a 5 MΩ resistor when subjected to periodic vertical compression. The output voltage of this device is used to charge a capacitor with a 10 μF capacitance up to 2.2 V, which is then used to power some commercial LEDs. In addition to being used as a pressure sensor, the device is employed to monitor human physiological activities. The device demonstrates excellent operational durability over a span of several months in an ambient environment vouching for its exceptional potential in application to mechanical energy harvesting and pressure sensing applications.