Domaradzki Jarosław, Koźlenia Dawid, Popowczak Marek
Unit of Biostructure, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, al. I.J. Paderewskiego 35, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland.
Unit of Team Sports Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, al. I.J. Paderewskiego 35, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland.
J Clin Med. 2023 Jun 21;12(13):4204. doi: 10.3390/jcm12134204.
Many observations have demonstrated great heterogeneity in the magnitude of the response to the physical exercise stimulus. Only a few studies have investigated the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the prevalence of non-responders (NRs) in adolescents while considering health-related fitness measurements and other co-variables. Therefore, the aim of the current work was twofold: (1) to assess the effects of ten weeks of school-based HIIT on the prevalence of responders (Rs) and NRs for body composition, resting blood pressure (BP), cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal fitness, and (2) to assess the relationship of this prevalence with sex, body mass category, and biological maturation status, while estimating the likelihood of a response. Adolescents aged 16 years ( = 73) were included in the study. Waist-to-hip ratio, body fat percentage (BFP), skeletal muscle mass (SMM), BP, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and musculoskeletal fitness were the primary outcomes. Co-variables included sex, body mass index (BMI), and maturity offset. The percentages of the Rs and NRs were analyzed based on changes (Δ) between post-intervention and pre-intervention values. The typical error (TE) method was used to identify Rs and NRs. Results showed a variation in the relative size of changes (% of changes) depending on the variable and sex. The greatest changes were observed in females' abdomen muscle strength (Δ% = 23.89%), and the difference from that of males (Δ% = 5.98%) was statistically significant ( < 0.001) with very large effect size of (Cohen's d = 0.941). Similar significant differences in relative changes were observed in body composition, but in the reverse direction. Males gained more from HIIT in the decrease in the body fat percentage (Δ% = -8.24%) and increase in skeletal muscle mass (Δ% = 3.38%) comparing to females (Δ% = 0.46, = 0.040 and Δ% = 1.06%, = 0.007, respectively). Effect size for body fat was small (Cohen's d = 0.469), and for skeletal muscle mass it was moderate (Cohen's d = -0.659). The results also showed positive significant differences in the prevalence of Rs compared to NRs in BFP, SMM, systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), CRF, and abdominal muscular strength (ABS) ( = 0.047, = 0.047, < 0.001, = 0.003, = 0.014, and = 0.014, respectively). The effect was greatest and largest for SBP (Cohen's ω = 0.67). Sex was related to the prevalence of Rs for ABS and close to significance for SMM. More males than females benefited from HIIT in SMM ( = 0.058), but more females than males had ABS benefits ( = 0.050). Males were more likely (2.5-fold) to be Rs than females in SMM. BMI was not related to the prevalence of Rs and NRs. Biological maturation was related to the prevalence of Rs and NRs in SMM ( = 0.036) and SBP ( = 0.016). In SBP, 100% of the early matured derived benefit from HIIT, but the effect size was small (Cramer's V = 0.27). Those who maturated later were more likely (almost 70%) to be Rs. Thus, the HIIT program introduced to a typical physical education (PE) lesson can be considered partially effective. Therefore, there is a need to continue the search for an optimal and effective program for all health-related parameters. The close relationship between analyzed values and sex and biological maturation, but not BMI, indicates that the intervention programs should be tailored specifically for males and females.
许多观察结果表明，对体育锻炼刺激的反应程度存在很大的异质性。只有少数研究在考虑与健康相关的体能测量和其他协变量的情况下，调查了高强度间歇训练（HIIT）对青少年无反应者（NRs）患病率的影响。因此，当前研究的目的有两个：（1）评估为期十周的校内HIIT对身体成分、静息血压（BP）、心肺和肌肉骨骼健康方面反应者（Rs）和NRs患病率的影响；（2）评估这种患病率与性别、体重类别和生物成熟状态之间的关系，同时估计反应的可能性。该研究纳入了16岁的青少年（n = 73）。腰臀比、体脂百分比（BFP）、骨骼肌质量（SMM）、血压、心肺适能（CRF）和肌肉骨骼适能是主要结果。协变量包括性别、体重指数（BMI）和成熟偏移。根据干预后与干预前值之间的变化（Δ）分析Rs和NRs的百分比。采用典型误差（TE）方法识别Rs和NRs。结果表明，根据变量和性别，变化的相对大小（变化百分比）存在差异。在女性腹部肌肉力量方面观察到最大变化（Δ% = 23.89%），与男性的差异（Δ% = 5.98%）具有统计学意义（p < 0.001），效应量非常大（Cohen's d = 0.941）。在身体成分方面也观察到相对变化的类似显著差异，但方向相反。与女性相比（分别为Δ% = 0.46，p = 0.040和Δ% = 1.06%，p = 0.007），男性通过HIIT在体脂百分比降低（Δ% = -8.24%）和骨骼肌质量增加（Δ% = 3.38%）方面获益更多。体脂的效应量较小（Cohen's d = 0.469），骨骼肌质量的效应量为中等（Cohen's d = -0.659）。结果还显示，在BFP、SMM、收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、CRF和腹部肌肉力量（ABS）方面Rs的患病率与NRs相比存在显著正差异（分别为p = 0.047，p = 0.047，p < 0.001，p = 0.003，p = 0.014和p = 0.014）。SBP的效应最大且效应量最大（Cohen's ω = 0.67）。性别与ABS的Rs患病率相关，与SMM的相关性接近显著。在SMM方面，受益于HIIT的男性多于女性（p = 0.058），但受益于ABS训练的女性多于男性（p = 0.050）。在SMM方面，男性成为Rs的可能性是女性的2.5倍。BMI与Rs和NRs的患病率无关。生物成熟与SMM（p = 0.036）和SBP（p = 0.016）的Rs和NRs患病率相关。在SBP方面，100%的早熟者从HIIT中获益，但效应量较小（Cramer's V = 0.27）。成熟较晚的人成为Rs的可能性更大（近70%）。因此，引入到典型体育课中的HIIT计划可被认为是部分有效的。因此，有必要继续寻找针对所有与健康相关参数的最佳有效计划。分析值与性别和生物成熟之间的密切关系，而非与BMI的关系，表明干预计划应针对男性和女性进行专门定制。
