State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Jun 26;24(13):10646. doi: 10.3390/ijms241310646.
Genetic transformation is an important strategy for enhancing plant biomass or resistance in response to adverse environments and population growth by imparting desirable genetic characteristics. Research on plant genetic transformation technology can promote the functional analysis of plant genes, the utilization of excellent traits, and precise breeding. Various technologies of genetic transformation have been continuously discovered and developed for convenient manipulation and high efficiency, mainly involving the delivery of exogenous genes and regeneration of transformed plants. Here, currently developed genetic transformation technologies were expounded and compared. -mediated gene delivery methods are commonly used as direct genetic transformation, as well as external force-mediated ways such as particle bombardment, electroporation, silicon carbide whiskers, and pollen tubes as indirect ones. The regeneration of transformed plants usually involves the de novo organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis pathway of the explants. Ectopic expression of morphogenetic transcription factors (, and ) can significantly improve plant regeneration efficiency and enable the transformation of some hard-to-transform plant genotypes. Meanwhile, some limitations in these gene transfer methods were compared including genotype dependence, low transformation efficiency, and plant tissue damage, and recently developed flexible approaches for plant genotype transformation are discussed regarding how gene delivery and regeneration strategies can be optimized to overcome species and genotype dependence. This review summarizes the principles of various techniques for plant genetic transformation and discusses their application scope and limiting factors, which can provide a reference for plant transgenic breeding.
遗传转化是一种重要的策略，通过赋予理想的遗传特性，可以提高植物生物量或对不利环境和人口增长的抗性。研究植物遗传转化技术可以促进植物基因的功能分析、优良性状的利用和精确育种。为了方便操作和提高效率，各种遗传转化技术不断被发现和发展，主要涉及外源基因的传递和转化植物的再生。本文阐述和比较了目前开发的遗传转化技术。-介导的基因传递方法通常作为直接遗传转化，而颗粒轰击、电穿孔、碳化硅晶须和花粉管等外力介导的方法作为间接遗传转化。转化植物的再生通常涉及外植体的从头器官发生或体细胞胚胎发生途径。形态发生转录因子（、和）的异位表达可以显著提高植物再生效率，并使一些难以转化的植物基因型的转化成为可能。同时，还比较了这些基因转移方法的一些局限性，包括基因型依赖性、转化效率低和植物组织损伤，并讨论了最近为植物基因型转化开发的灵活方法，以及如何优化基因传递和再生策略以克服物种和基因型依赖性。本文总结了植物遗传转化的各种技术的原理，并讨论了它们的应用范围和限制因素，为植物转基因育种提供了参考。
