Independent Unit of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
Department of Construction Materials Engineering and Geoengineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 38 D, 20-618 Lublin, Poland.
Molecules. 2023 Jul 6;28(13):5238. doi: 10.3390/molecules28135238.
Difficult-to-treat bone damage resulting from metabolic bone diseases, mechanical injuries, or tumor resection requires support in the form of biomaterials. The aim of this research was to optimize the concentration of individual components of polymer-ceramic nanocomposite granules (nanofilled polymer composites) for application in orthopedics and maxillofacial surgery to fill small bone defects and stimulate the regeneration process. Two types of granules were made using nanohydroxyapatite (nanoHA) and chitosan-based matrix (agarose/chitosan or curdlan/chitosan), which served as binder for ceramic nanopowder. Different concentrations of the components (nanoHA and curdlan), foaming agent (sodium bicarbonate-NaHCO), and chitosan solvent (acetic acid-CHCOOH) were tested during the production process. Agarose and chitosan concentrations were fixed to be 5% / and 2% /, respectively, based on our previous research. Subsequently, the produced granules were subjected to cytotoxicity testing (indirect and direct contact methods), microhardness testing (Young's modulus evaluation), and microstructure analysis (porosity, specific surface area, and surface roughness) in order to identify the biomaterial with the most favorable properties. The results demonstrated only slight differences among the resultant granules with respect to their microstructural, mechanical, and biological properties. All variants of the biomaterials were non-toxic to a mouse preosteoblast cell line (MC3T3-E1), supported cell growth on their surface, had high porosity (46-51%), and showed relatively high specific surface area (25-33 m/g) and Young's modulus values (2-10 GPa). Apart from biomaterials containing 8% / curdlan, all samples were predominantly characterized by mesoporosity. Nevertheless, materials with the greatest biomedical potential were obtained using 5% / agarose, 2% / chitosan, and 50% or 70% / nanoHA when the chitosan solvent/foaming agent ratio was equal to 2:2. In the case of the granules containing curdlan/chitosan matrix, the most optimal composition was as follows: 2% / chitosan, 4% / curdlan, and 30% / nanoHA. The obtained test results indicate that both manufactured types of granules are promising implantable biomaterials for filling small bone defects that can be used in maxillofacial surgery.
用于治疗代谢性骨病、机械损伤或肿瘤切除引起的难治性骨损伤需要生物材料的支持。本研究的目的是优化聚合物-陶瓷纳米复合材料颗粒（纳米填充聚合物复合材料）的各成分浓度，以应用于矫形和颌面外科，填充小的骨缺损并刺激再生过程。使用纳米羟基磷灰石（nanoHA）和基于壳聚糖的基质（琼脂糖/壳聚糖或结冷胶/壳聚糖）制成两种类型的颗粒，作为陶瓷纳米粉末的粘合剂。在生产过程中测试了不同浓度的成分（nanoHA 和结冷胶）、发泡剂（碳酸氢钠-NaHCO）和壳聚糖溶剂（乙酸-CHCOOH）。基于我们之前的研究，琼脂糖和壳聚糖的浓度分别固定为 5%/和 2%/。随后，对所生产的颗粒进行细胞毒性测试（间接和直接接触法）、显微硬度测试（杨氏模量评估）和微观结构分析（孔隙率、比表面积和表面粗糙度），以确定具有最有利性质的生物材料。结果表明，所得颗粒在微观结构、机械和生物学性质方面仅略有差异。所有生物材料变体对小鼠成骨前体细胞系（MC3T3-E1）均无毒性，支持细胞在其表面生长，具有较高的孔隙率（46-51%），并表现出相对较高的比表面积（25-33 m/g）和杨氏模量值（2-10 GPa）。除了含有 8%/结冷胶的生物材料外，所有样品均主要表现为中孔性。然而，当壳聚糖溶剂/发泡剂的比例等于 2:2 时，使用 5%/琼脂糖、2%/壳聚糖和 50%或 70%/nanoHA 获得的材料具有最大的生物医学潜力。在含有结冷胶/壳聚糖基质的颗粒的情况下，最优化的组成如下：2%/壳聚糖、4%/结冷胶和 30%/nanoHA。所得的测试结果表明，所制造的两种类型的颗粒都是有前途的可植入生物材料，可用于填充颌面外科中小的骨缺损。
