Saeed Asma, Kauser Shabana, Hussain Adil, Siddiqui Nida Jamil, Abidi Syed Hussain Imam, Syed Quratulain, Nadeem Abad Ali
Food and Biotechnology Research Centre, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) Laboratories Complex, Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Punjab, 54600, Pakistan.
Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR), Head Office, 1 Constitution Avenue, G-5/2, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2024 Apr;202(4):1784-1801. doi: 10.1007/s12011-023-03763-4. Epub 2023 Jul 18.
Grewia asiatica L. (phalsa) is a very prevalent berry in Pakistan and is consumed extensively as raw or in the form of juice. Here, for the first time, we assessed phalsa from Pakistan in terms of variations in macro and micro minerals, nutrients, and bio-active phyto-constituents including total phenolic and anthocyanin contents at different fruit developmental stages. It was found that the sugars in phalsa increased from D1 (small at the initial fruit setting stage) to D6 development stage (fully ripened fruit) where sugars at D5 (near to fully ripe) and D6 stages were many times greater than at D1, D2 (unripe close to full-size completion), D3 (close to semi ripe), and D4 stage (semi ripened and full-size attainment). Total acidity of was declined in all developmental stages, where the D1 stage displayed maximum and D6 with the lowest acidity. Ascorbic acid was decreased from D1 to D2 and then increased gradually from D3 to D5 stages. At the D6 stage, again a steep decline in ascorbic acid was observed. The total phenolics (mg gallic acid equivalents/100g) at stage D6 were higher (136.02 ± 1.17), whereas D1 being the lowermost in total phenolic content (79.89 ± 1.72). For anthocyanins (mg/100g), an increasing pattern of changes was observed in all stages of phalsa fruit where the D1 stage showed lower (13.97 ± 4.84) anthocyanin contents which then increased gradually at stage D2 (67.79 ± 6.73), but increased sharply at D3 (199.66 ± 4.90), D4 (211.02 ± 18.85), D5 (328.41 ±14.96) and D6 (532.30 ± 8.51) stages. A total of four anthocyanins such as cyanidin, delphidine-3-glucoside, pelargonidin, and malvidin in phalsa were identified using HPLC procedures, and a significant > 90 % DPPH inhibition in phalsa was observed at the D5 and D6 development stages. The macro and micro minerals including Ni, Zn, Fe, Ca, Cu, Mg, Na, P, and K contents were decreased from initial (D1) stage to the final (D6) development stage, while only Fe displayed an increasing trend from the initial to final fruit development stages (D1-D6). Conclusively, these findings could be of great interest for patients who are intended to consume phalsa as adjuvant therapy against diabetes and metabolic syndromes and other diseases involving reactive oxygen species with minimum metal toxicity.
扁担杆（Grewia asiatica L.）是巴基斯坦一种非常常见的浆果，人们广泛生食或饮用其果汁。在此，我们首次评估了巴基斯坦扁担杆在不同果实发育阶段的常量和微量矿物质、营养成分以及生物活性植物成分（包括总酚和花青素含量）的变化。结果发现，扁担杆中的糖分从D1阶段（坐果初期的小果实）到D6发育阶段（完全成熟的果实）逐渐增加，其中D5阶段（接近完全成熟）和D6阶段的糖分比D1、D2阶段（未成熟且接近果实大小完全长成）、D3阶段（接近半成熟）和D4阶段（半成熟且果实大小达到标准）的糖分高出许多倍。所有发育阶段的总酸度均下降，其中D1阶段酸度最高，D6阶段酸度最低。抗坏血酸从D1到D2阶段减少，然后从D3到D5阶段逐渐增加。在D6阶段，抗坏血酸再次急剧下降。D6阶段的总酚含量（毫克没食子酸当量/100克）较高（136.02±1.17），而D1阶段的总酚含量最低（79.89±1.72）。对于花青素（毫克/100克），在扁担杆果实的所有阶段均观察到变化呈增加趋势，其中D1阶段的花青素含量较低（13.97±4.84），然后在D2阶段逐渐增加（67.79±6.73），但在D3阶段（199.66±4.90）、D4阶段（211.02±18.85）、D5阶段（328.41±14.96）和D6阶段（532.30±8.51）急剧增加。使用高效液相色谱法在扁担杆中总共鉴定出四种花青素，即矢车菊素、飞燕草素 - 3 - 葡萄糖苷、天竺葵素和锦葵色素，并且在D5和D6发育阶段观察到扁担杆对二苯基苦味酰基自由基（DPPH）的抑制率显著>90%。包括镍、锌、铁、钙、铜、镁、钠、磷和钾在内的常量和微量矿物质含量从初始（D1）阶段到最终（D6）发育阶段逐渐降低，而只有铁在果实发育的初始阶段到最终阶段（D1 - D6）呈现增加趋势。总之，这些发现对于那些打算将扁担杆作为辅助治疗糖尿病、代谢综合征以及其他涉及活性氧物种且金属毒性最小的疾病的患者可能具有极大的意义。
