Department of Experimental Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
Department of Social Work and Differential Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2024 Feb;30(2):172-182. doi: 10.1017/S1355617723000309. Epub 2023 Jul 19.
Verbal fluency tests are quick and easy to administer neuropsychological measures and are regularly used in neuropsychological assessment. Additionally, phonological fluency is a widely used paradigm that is sensitive to cognitive impairment. This paper offers normative data of phonological verbal fluency (letters P, M, R) for Spanish middle- and older-aged adults, considering sociodemographic factors, and different measures such as the total number of words, errors (perseveration and intrusions), and 15 sec-segmented scores.
A total of 1165 cognitively unimpaired participants aged between 50 and 89 years old, participated in the study. Data for P were obtained for all participants. Letters M and R were also administered to a subsample of participants (852) aged 60 to 89 years. In addition, errors and words produced every 15 seconds were collected in the subsample. To verify the effect of sociodemographic variables, linear regression was used. Adjustments were calculated for variables that explained at least 5% of the variance ( ≥ .05).
Means and standard deviations by age, scaled scores, and percentiles for all tests across different measures are shown. No determination coefficients equal to or greater than .05 were found for sex or age. The need to establish adjustments for the educational level was only found in some of the measures.
The current norms provide clinically useful data to evaluate Spanish-speaking natives from Spain aged from 50 to 89 years. Specific patterns of cognitive impairment can be analyzed using these normative data and may be important in neuropsychological assessment.
言语流畅性测验是一种快速且易于实施的神经心理学测试方法，常用于神经心理学评估。此外，语音流畅性是一种广泛应用的范式，对认知障碍敏感。本文提供了西班牙语中老年人群的语音词汇流畅性（字母 P、M、R）的常模数据，考虑了社会人口因素以及不同的测量指标，如总词汇数、错误（持续和闯入）和 15 秒分段得分。
共有 1165 名认知正常的参与者年龄在 50 至 89 岁之间，参与了这项研究。所有参与者都进行了 P 字母的测试。M 和 R 字母也在年龄在 60 至 89 岁的子样本参与者中进行了测试。此外，在子样本中还收集了每 15 秒产生的错误和词汇。为了验证社会人口变量的影响，使用了线性回归。对于至少解释了 5%方差的变量（≥.05）进行了调整。
显示了所有测试的按年龄、标化分数和百分位数的平均值和标准差，以及不同测量指标的结果。未发现性别或年龄的决定系数等于或大于 0.05。仅在某些测量指标中发现需要对教育水平进行调整。
目前的常模为评估来自西班牙的 50 至 89 岁的西班牙语母语者提供了临床有用的数据。可以使用这些常模数据分析特定的认知障碍模式，这在神经心理学评估中可能很重要。
