Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Veracruzana , Xalapa , México.
Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Estado de México , México.
J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2019 Dec;41(10):1001-1014. doi: 10.1080/13803395.2019.1643454. Epub 2019 Jul 28.
: Verbal fluency tasks are useful tools in clinical practice and research studies across languages and contexts, but specific data obtained using Spanish phonological tasks and semantic tasks with different levels of difficulty are lacking. The present study aimed to determine the difficulty level of a phonological tasks and semantic tasks among Spanish-speakers. : Both tasks were ordered across five difficulty levels based on the frequency of use in Mexican Spanish (phonological) and the number of elements given by a group of participants (semantic). One hundred healthy Mexican Spanish-speaking participants (aged 24-63 years; 55 females) were presented with five phonological and five semantic categories. The participants also underwent a neuropsychological test and sociodemographic interview. The number of words correctly produced in each category within one minute was calculated. An ANOVA and a Kruskal-Wallis analysis were conducted in order to know if there were different levels of difficulty in the tasks. Additionally, correlation analyzes were performed to test the effect of the sociodemographic and cognitive variables on the participants' responses. : According to the analyzes, there were different levels of difficulty in the categories; P was the easiest and O was the most difficult category in the phonological tasks, and body parts and precious stones were the easiest and most difficult, respectively, in the semantic tasks. Age had a negative correlation with four-legged animals and a positive correlation with O; Positive correlations were also found between education and professions, vegetables, and alcoholic beverages; and between IQ and D, N, musical instruments, sports, vegetables, and trees. : Both tasks offer categories with different level of difficulty based on the performance of a highly educated Mexican population. These data may be useful for clinical and research purposes.
言语流畅性任务在不同语言和背景的临床实践和研究中是有用的工具，但使用西班牙语语音任务和语义任务获得的具体数据缺乏不同难度级别。本研究旨在确定西班牙语语音任务和语义任务的难度级别。
根据墨西哥西班牙语的使用频率（语音）和一组参与者提供的元素数量（语义），将这两个任务排列在五个难度级别上。100 名健康的讲西班牙语的墨西哥参与者（年龄 24-63 岁；女性 55 名）接受了五个语音和五个语义类别测试。参与者还接受了神经心理学测试和社会人口学访谈。在一分钟内计算每个类别中正确生成的单词数量。进行了方差分析和克鲁斯卡尔-沃利斯分析，以了解任务是否存在不同的难度级别。此外，还进行了相关分析，以检验社会人口学和认知变量对参与者反应的影响。
根据分析，类别存在不同的难度级别；在语音任务中，P 是最简单的，O 是最难的，而在语义任务中，身体部位和宝石分别是最简单和最难的。年龄与四条腿动物呈负相关，与 O 呈正相关；教育与职业、蔬菜和酒精饮料之间也存在正相关；智商与 D、N、乐器、运动、蔬菜和树木之间也存在正相关。
这两个任务都提供了具有不同难度级别的类别，基于受过高等教育的墨西哥人口的表现。这些数据可能对临床和研究目的有用。
