The impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, , on rosemary phytoremediation ability under urban traffic.

The aim of this study was to investigate the symbiotic relationship between arbuscular mycorrhizae () and the ability of rosemary () to mitigate urban traffic pollution. A factorial experiment with three replications and three factors (inoculated/non-inoculated with , traffic volume, and pot type) was conducted in Shiraz, a metropolis in south-central Iran. Inoculation with led to a 33% increase in root weight and a 20% increase in root length under a traffic volume of 4,200 Vehicles/H. Additionally, as traffic volume increased, stem length and dry weight of the entire plant inoculated with the fungus increased by 8.33% and 29.53%, respectively. The presence of fungus in the rosemary plant decreased the accumulation of Cd and increased the accumulation of Pb by 12.82% and 55.82%, respectively under traffic conditions of 4,200 Vehicles/H. The transfer factor (TF) of Cd and Pb in rosemary plant inoculated under these traffic conditions decreased by 25.74% and 25.24%, respectively. These findings indicate that mycorrhiza-inoculated rosemary plants can thrive in Cd- and Pb-contaminated soils, effectively remediating heavy metals, particularly Pb, with a TF >1.