Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 168, Paris 75005, France.
Laboratory of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
J Cell Sci. 2023 Jul 15;136(14). doi: 10.1242/jcs.260744. Epub 2023 Jul 27.
One ubiquitous cellular structure for performing various tasks, such as spreading and migration over external surfaces, is the sheet-like protrusion called a lamellipodium, which propels the leading edge of the cell. Despite the detailed knowledge about the many components of this cellular structure, it is not yet fully understood how these components self-organize spatiotemporally to form lamellipodia. We review here recent theoretical works where we have demonstrated that membrane-bound protein complexes that have intrinsic curvature and recruit the protrusive forces of the cytoskeleton result in a simple, yet highly robust, organizing feedback mechanism that organizes the cytoskeleton and the membrane. This self-organization mechanism accounts for the formation of flat lamellipodia at the leading edge of cells spreading over adhesive substrates, allowing for the emergence of a polarized, motile 'minimal cell' model. The same mechanism describes how lamellipodia organize to drive robust engulfment of particles during phagocytosis and explains in simple physical terms the spreading and migration of cells over fibers and other curved surfaces. This Review highlights that despite the complexity of cellular composition, there might be simple general physical principles that are utilized by the cell to drive cellular shape dynamics.
一种普遍存在的细胞结构，能够执行各种任务，例如在外部表面扩散和迁移，是一种称为片状伪足的片状突起，它推动细胞的前沿。尽管人们对这种细胞结构的许多组成部分有详细的了解，但尚未完全理解这些组成部分如何在时空上自我组织形成片状伪足。在这里，我们回顾了最近的理论工作，我们在这些工作中证明了具有内在曲率的膜结合蛋白复合物并募集细胞骨架的突起力，导致一个简单但高度稳健的组织反馈机制，组织细胞骨架和膜。这种自我组织机制解释了在细胞在粘附底物上扩散时形成的扁平片状伪足，允许出现极化的、能动的“最小细胞”模型。同样的机制描述了片状伪足如何组织起来，以在吞噬作用期间驱动颗粒的有效吞噬，并以简单的物理术语解释了细胞在纤维和其他弯曲表面上的扩散和迁移。这篇综述强调，尽管细胞组成复杂，但可能存在简单的一般物理原理，这些原理被细胞用来驱动细胞形状动力学。
