Guile Michael D, Jain Akash, Anderson Kyle A, Clarke Catherine F
Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA.
Antioxidants (Basel). 2023 Jul 6;12(7):1391. doi: 10.3390/antiox12071391.
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is an essential lipid with many cellular functions, such as electron transport for cellular respiration, antioxidant protection, redox homeostasis, and ferroptosis suppression. Deficiencies in CoQ due to aging, genetic disease, or medication can be ameliorated by high-dose supplementation. As such, an understanding of the uptake and transport of CoQ may inform methods of clinical use and identify how to better treat deficiency. Here, we review what is known about the cellular uptake and intracellular distribution of CoQ from yeast, mammalian cell culture, and rodent models, as well as its absorption at the organism level. We discuss the use of these model organisms to probe the mechanisms of uptake and distribution. The literature indicates that CoQ uptake and distribution are multifaceted processes likely to have redundancies in its transport, utilizing the endomembrane system and newly identified proteins that function as lipid transporters. Impairment of the trafficking of either endogenous or exogenous CoQ exerts profound effects on metabolism and stress response. This review also highlights significant gaps in our knowledge of how CoQ is distributed within the cell and suggests future directions of research to better understand this process.
辅酶Q（CoQ）是一种具有多种细胞功能的必需脂质，如参与细胞呼吸的电子传递、抗氧化保护、氧化还原稳态和抑制铁死亡。因衰老、遗传疾病或药物导致的辅酶Q缺乏可通过高剂量补充来改善。因此，了解辅酶Q的摄取和运输可能为临床应用方法提供信息，并确定如何更好地治疗缺乏症。在这里，我们综述了从酵母、哺乳动物细胞培养和啮齿动物模型中了解到的关于辅酶Q的细胞摄取和细胞内分布，以及其在机体水平的吸收情况。我们讨论了使用这些模式生物来探究摄取和分布机制。文献表明，辅酶Q的摄取和分布是多方面的过程，其运输可能存在冗余，利用内膜系统和新发现的作为脂质转运蛋白发挥作用的蛋白质。内源性或外源性辅酶Q的运输受损会对代谢和应激反应产生深远影响。本综述还突出了我们在辅酶Q如何在细胞内分布方面的知识重大空白，并提出了未来研究方向，以更好地理解这一过程。
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