Vu John P, Luong Leon, Sanford Daniel, Oh Suwan, Kuc Alma, Pisegna Rita, Lewis Michael, Pisegna Joseph R, Germano Patrizia M
Research Service, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA.
CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA.
Biology (Basel). 2023 Jul 17;12(7):1013. doi: 10.3390/biology12071013.
The overwhelming increase in the prevalence of obesity and related disorders in recent years is one of the greatest threats to the global healthcare system since it generates immense healthcare costs. As the prevalence of obesity approaches epidemic proportions, the importance of elucidating the mechanisms regulating appetite, satiety, body metabolism, energy balance and adiposity has garnered significant attention. Currently, gastrointestinal (GI) bariatric surgery remains the only approach capable of achieving successful weight loss. Appetite, satiety, feeding behavior, energy intake and expenditure are regulated by central and peripheral neurohormonal mechanisms that have not been fully elucidated yet. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) and Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP) are members of a family of regulatory peptides that are widely distributed in parallel with their specific receptors, VPAC1R, VPAC2R and PAC1R, in the central nervous system (CNS) and in the periphery, such as in the gastrointestinal tract and its associated organs and immune cells. PACAP and VIP have been reported to play an important role in the regulation of body phenotype, metabolism and homeostatic functions. The purpose of this review is to present recent data on the effects of PACAP, VIP, VPAC1R, VPAC2R and PAC1R on the modulation of appetite, satiety, metabolism, calorie intake and fat accumulation, to evaluate their potential use as therapeutic targets for the treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome.
近年来，肥胖及相关疾病患病率的急剧上升是全球医疗保健系统面临的最大威胁之一，因为它产生了巨大的医疗成本。随着肥胖患病率接近流行程度，阐明调节食欲、饱腹感、身体代谢、能量平衡和肥胖的机制的重要性已引起了广泛关注。目前，胃肠（GI）减肥手术仍然是能够实现成功减重的唯一方法。食欲、饱腹感、进食行为、能量摄入和消耗受中枢和外周神经激素机制调节，而这些机制尚未完全阐明。垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活多肽（PACAP）和血管活性肠肽（VIP）是一类调节肽家族的成员，它们与其特定受体VPAC1R、VPAC2R和PAC1R一起广泛分布于中枢神经系统（CNS）和外周，如胃肠道及其相关器官和免疫细胞中。据报道，PACAP和VIP在调节身体表型、代谢和稳态功能方面发挥着重要作用。本综述的目的是介绍关于PACAP、VIP、VPAC1R、VPAC2R和PAC1R对食欲、饱腹感、代谢、卡路里摄入和脂肪积累调节作用的最新数据，以评估它们作为肥胖和代谢综合征治疗靶点的潜在用途。
