Matou-Nasri Sabine, Aldawood Maram, Alanazi Fatimah, Khan Abdul Latif
Blood and Cancer Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia.
Biosciences Department, Faculty of the School for Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 22030, USA.
Diagnostics (Basel). 2023 Jul 17;13(14):2390. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics13142390.
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is usually the most malignant and aggressive mammary epithelial tumor characterized by the lack of expression for estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors, and the absence of epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)2 amplification. Corresponding to 15-20% of all breast cancers and well-known by its poor clinical outcome, this negative receptor expression deprives TNBC from targeted therapy and makes its management therapeutically challenging. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common ageing metabolic disorder due to insulin deficiency or resistance resulting in hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperlipidemia. Due to metabolic and hormonal imbalances, there are many interplays between both chronic disorders leading to increased risk of breast cancer, especially TNBC, diagnosed in T2DM patients. The purpose of this review is to provide up-to-date information related to epidemiology and clinicopathological features, risk factors, diagnosis, biomarkers, and current therapy/clinical trials for TNBC patients with T2DM compared to non-diabetic counterparts. Thus, in-depth investigation of the diabetic complications on TNBC onset, development, and progression and the discovery of biomarkers would improve TNBC management through early diagnosis, tailoring therapy for a better outcome of T2DM patients diagnosed with TNBC.
三阴性乳腺癌（TNBC）通常是最具恶性和侵袭性的乳腺上皮肿瘤，其特征是缺乏雌激素受体和孕激素受体表达，且不存在表皮生长因子受体（HER）2扩增。这种阴性受体表达占所有乳腺癌的15%-20%，因其临床预后较差而广为人知，它使TNBC无法接受靶向治疗，从而使其治疗具有挑战性。2型糖尿病（T2DM）是最常见的与衰老相关的代谢紊乱疾病，由胰岛素缺乏或抵抗导致高血糖、高胰岛素血症和高脂血症。由于代谢和激素失衡，这两种慢性疾病之间存在许多相互作用，导致T2DM患者患乳腺癌尤其是TNBC的风险增加。本综述的目的是提供与T2DM的TNBC患者（与非糖尿病患者相比）的流行病学、临床病理特征、危险因素、诊断、生物标志物以及当前治疗/临床试验相关的最新信息。因此，深入研究糖尿病并发症对TNBC发病、发展和进展的影响，并发现生物标志物，将通过早期诊断改善TNBC的治疗，为诊断为TNBC的T2DM患者量身定制治疗方案以获得更好的治疗效果。
