Briley Patrick M
Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
J Fluency Disord. 2023 Sep;77:105997. doi: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2023.105997. Epub 2023 Jul 26.
The experience of stuttering is wide ranging and includes a variety of perceived and unperceived behaviors and experiences. One of those experiences is anticipation of stuttering. While anticipation of stuttering is commonly discussed in terms of being a prediction of an upcoming event, it has also been equated to an internal realization of stuttering - which is the conceptualization applied here. The aim of this paper is to impress upon the reader that anticipated moments of stuttering (whether at a conscious or subconscious level) must be met with an adaptive reaction or response (which may also occur consciously or subconsciously). While these adaptive reactions and responses may differ based on whether they promote positive or negative communicative behaviors, they still represent adaptations by the speaker. Among the broad category of reactions and responses to anticipation of stuttering are motoric adaptations to speech, which include characteristic stuttering behaviors and other adaptations that may contribute to speech that is perceived by listeners as fluent. An outcome of this conceptualization is, even when adaptations result in listener perceived fluency, the speech of the person who stutters is still controlled by stuttering - meaning that some observable or unobservable adaptation is required. It is critical that speech-language pathologists recognize that the behaviors of people who stutter may reflect reactions and responses to an internal realization of stuttering and observable and unobservable reactions and responses must be considered in both assessments and interventions.
口吃的体验范围广泛，包括各种可感知和不可感知的行为及体验。其中一种体验是对口吃的预期。虽然对口吃的预期通常被视为对即将发生事件的预测，但它也等同于对口吃的一种内在认知——这就是本文所采用的概念。本文的目的是让读者认识到，对口吃的预期时刻（无论在意识层面还是潜意识层面）都必须伴随着适应性反应或回应（这也可能在意识层面或潜意识层面发生）。虽然这些适应性反应和回应可能因促进积极或消极的交流行为而有所不同，但它们仍然代表了说话者的适应方式。在对口吃预期的广泛反应和回应类别中，包括对言语的运动适应性，其中包括典型的口吃行为以及其他可能有助于使听众感知为流畅言语的适应性行为。这种概念化的一个结果是，即使适应性行为使听众感知到言语流畅，口吃者的言语仍然受口吃控制——这意味着需要某种可观察到或不可观察到的适应性行为。言语语言病理学家必须认识到，口吃者的行为可能反映了对口吃内在认知的反应和回应，并且在评估和干预中都必须考虑可观察到和不可观察到的反应及回应。
