Hacker J F, Cattau E L
Am Fam Physician. 1986 Aug;34(2):101-8.
Sharp, irregular objects or long, thin objects pose the most danger and need immediate attention. Otherwise, objects impacted in the esophagus should be removed within 12 hours. Objects that have advanced into the stomach usually pass without problems and should be observed for up to two weeks. Symptoms of bowel perforation, bleeding or obstruction call for immediate surgery.