Hacker J F, Cattau E L
Am Fam Physician. 1986 Aug;34(2):101-8.
Sharp, irregular objects or long, thin objects pose the most danger and need immediate attention. Otherwise, objects impacted in the esophagus should be removed within 12 hours. Objects that have advanced into the stomach usually pass without problems and should be observed for up to two weeks. Symptoms of bowel perforation, bleeding or obstruction call for immediate surgery.
尖锐、不规则的物体或长而细的物体造成的危险最大,需要立即处理。否则,卡在食管中的物体应在12小时内取出。进入胃内的物体通常可顺利排出,应观察两周。出现肠穿孔、出血或梗阻症状需要立即手术。