Betriana Feni, Tanioka Ryuichi, Yokotani Tomoya, Matsumoto Kazuyuki, Zhao Yueren, Osaka Kyoko, Miyagawa Misao, Kai Yoshihiro, Schoenhofer Savina, Locsin Rozzano C, Tanioka Tetsuya
Graduate School of Health Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan.
Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan.
Belitung Nurs J. 2022 Apr 26;8(2):176-184. doi: 10.33546/bnj.1998. eCollection 2022.
Expressing enjoyment when conversing with healthcare robots is an opportunity to enhance the value of human robots with interactive capabilities. In clinical practice, it is common to find verbal dysfunctions in patients with schizophrenia. Thus, interactive communication characteristics may vary between Pepper robot, persons with schizophrenia, and healthy persons.
Two case studies aimed to describe the characteristics of interactive communications, 1) between Pepper as a healthcare robot and two patients with schizophrenia, and 2) between Pepper as a healthcare robot and two healthy persons.
The "Intentional Observational Clinical Research Design" was used to collect data. Using audio-video technology, the conversational interactions between the four participants with the Pepper healthcare robot were recorded. Their interactions were observed, with significant events noted. After their interactions, the four participants were interviewed regarding their experience and impressions of interacting with the Pepper healthcare robot. Audio-video recordings were analyzed following the analysis and interpretation protocol, and the interview data were transcribed, analyzed, and interpreted.
There were similarities and differences in the interactive communication characteristics between the Pepper robot and the two participants with schizophrenia and between Pepper and the two healthy participants. The similarities were experiences of human enjoyment while interacting with the Pepper robot. This enjoyment was enhanced with the expectancy of the Pepper robot as able to entertain, and possessing interactive capabilities, indicating two-way conversational abilities. However, different communicating characteristics were found between the healthy participants' impressions of the Pepper robot and the participants with schizophrenia. Healthy participants understood Pepper to be an automaton, with responses to questions often constrained and, on many occasions, displaying inaccurate gaze.
Pepper robot showed capabilities for effective communication pertaining to expressing enjoyment. The accuracy and appropriateness of gaze remained a critical characteristic regardless of the situation or occasion with interactions between persons with schizophrenia, and between healthy persons. It is important to consider that in the future, for effective use of healthcare robots with multiple users, improvements in the areas of the appropriateness of gaze, response time during the conversation, and entertaining functions are critically observed.
在与医疗保健机器人交谈时表现出愉悦是提升具有交互能力的人机价值的一个契机。在临床实践中，精神分裂症患者出现言语功能障碍很常见。因此，Pepper机器人、精神分裂症患者和健康人之间的互动交流特征可能会有所不同。
两项案例研究旨在描述互动交流的特征，一是作为医疗保健机器人的Pepper与两名精神分裂症患者之间的互动交流特征，二是作为医疗保健机器人的Pepper与两名健康人之间的互动交流特征。
采用“意向性观察临床研究设计”来收集数据。利用音频 - 视频技术，记录了四名参与者与Pepper医疗保健机器人之间的对话互动。观察他们的互动情况，并记录重大事件。互动结束后，就与Pepper医疗保健机器人互动的体验和印象对四名参与者进行了访谈。按照分析和解释方案对音频 - 视频记录进行分析，对访谈数据进行转录、分析和解释。
Pepper机器人与两名精神分裂症参与者之间以及Pepper与两名健康参与者之间的互动交流特征存在异同。相同之处在于与Pepper机器人互动时都有人类愉悦的体验。随着对Pepper机器人能够娱乐并具备交互能力（即双向对话能力）的期待，这种愉悦感增强了。然而，健康参与者对Pepper机器人的印象与精神分裂症参与者之间存在不同的交流特征。健康参与者认为Pepper是一个自动装置，对问题的回答往往受限，而且在很多情况下目光显示不准确。
Pepper机器人在表达愉悦方面展现出有效沟通的能力。无论在精神分裂症患者之间还是健康人之间的互动情形或场合如何，目光的准确性和恰当性仍然是一个关键特征。需要考虑的是，未来为了有效使用面向多用户的医疗保健机器人，目光的恰当性、对话中的反应时间以及娱乐功能等方面的改进至关重要。
