The Healthcare Leadership Academy Research Collaborative, London, UK.
Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2023;1421:175-190. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-30379-1_8.
Technology-enhanced learning (TEL) has been proposed as an approach to minimise the healthcare workforce shortage preventing universal healthcare coverage. Simulation-based medical education is a well-established teaching method. Little is known about effective strategies to translate in-person medical simulation teaching into a virtual world. This work aimed to review the literature on approaches to visualisation in technology-enhanced medical simulation. A systematic search strategy was optimised using three databases: Embase, MEDLINE, and APA PsycInfo. Additional papers were identified through cross-referencing. The last date of this search was 3 January 2022. The articles were analysed qualitatively. The risk of bias was assessed using ROBINS-I and RoB 2 tools. The search yielded 656 results with 9 additional papers identified through cross-referencing. Following deduplication and exclusions, 23 articles were included in a qualitative synthesis of evidence. Offline and online computer-based modules with virtual patient cases or practical skills simulations were identified as the most prevalent clinical simulation teaching modalities. Visualisation approaches included text, images, animations, videos, and 3D environments. Significant heterogeneity of study designs with a moderate risk of bias was established. Based on the current data, the virtual patient scenarios should use natural language input interfaces enriched with video and voice recordings, 3D animations, and short text descriptions to make the patient management experience more lifelike and increase knowledge retention. However, there is no agreed framework for assessing the pedagogical value of these innovations. High-quality randomised controlled trials of TEL-based clinical simulation are essential to advance the field.
技术增强学习（TEL）被提议作为一种方法，以最小化医疗保健劳动力短缺，从而实现全民医疗保健覆盖。基于模拟的医学教育是一种成熟的教学方法。对于如何将面对面的医学模拟教学转化为虚拟世界，有效的策略知之甚少。这项工作旨在回顾关于技术增强医学模拟中可视化方法的文献。使用三个数据库：Embase、MEDLINE 和 APA PsycInfo 优化了系统搜索策略。通过交叉引用确定了其他论文。最后一次搜索日期为 2022 年 1 月 3 日。文章进行了定性分析。使用 ROBINS-I 和 RoB 2 工具评估偏倚风险。搜索产生了 656 个结果，通过交叉引用确定了另外 9 个论文。经过去重和排除，23 篇文章被纳入定性综合证据中。离线和在线基于计算机的模块，具有虚拟患者病例或实践技能模拟，被确定为最常见的临床模拟教学模式。可视化方法包括文本、图像、动画、视频和 3D 环境。研究设计的显著异质性和中度偏倚风险已经建立。根据目前的数据，虚拟患者情景应使用带有视频和录音、3D 动画和简短文本描述的自然语言输入界面，使患者管理体验更逼真，并提高知识保留率。然而，目前还没有用于评估这些创新的教学价值的商定框架。基于 TEL 的临床模拟的高质量随机对照试验对于该领域的发展至关重要。
