Coffey Diane, Spears Dean, Hathi Payal
Sociology Department & Population Research Center, UT Austin, USA.
Economics Department & Population Research Center, UT Austin, USA.
Waterlines. 2020 Oct;39(4):240-252. doi: 10.3362/1756-3488.19-00011.
The UN Sustainable Development Goals call for the elimination of open defecation by 2030. Assessing global progress will require learning from India's sanitation efforts because of its ambitious program of high-profile behavior change messaging to tackle open defecation, and because open defecation is widespread in India. In 2014, the Prime Minister announced a policy called the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), which aimed to eliminate open defecation by 2019. However, the 2015-16 National Family Health Survey -4 found that about 55% of rural and 11% of urban Indian households lack a toilet or latrine. To assess the extent of public awareness of the SBM, we use a mobile phone survey to ask about people's knowledge of the existence and purpose of the SBM. We report representative estimates of awareness of the SBM among adults in Delhi (2016), Uttar Pradesh (2016), Mumbai (2016-17), Rajasthan (2016-17), Bihar (2018), Jharkhand (2018), and Maharashtra (2018). While much of the SBM's activities took place in its last two years, we find that, at the time of the survey, no more than one-third of adults in any state are aware that the SBM intends to promote toilet and latrine use. Awareness was particularly low in Uttar Pradesh, where one in eight people who defecates in the open worldwide lives. While the SBM was very active in constructing latrines, the lack of awareness we find suggests that the SBM was less successful in raising the awareness required for large-scale behavior change in promoting latrine use.
联合国可持续发展目标要求到2030年消除露天排便现象。评估全球进展需要借鉴印度的卫生举措，这是因为印度有一项雄心勃勃的计划，通过高调的行为改变宣传来应对露天排便问题，而且露天排便在印度十分普遍。2014年，印度总理宣布了一项名为“清洁印度运动”（SBM）的政策，旨在到2019年消除露天排便现象。然而，2015 - 16年的第四次全国家庭健康调查发现，约55%的印度农村家庭和11%的城市家庭没有厕所或便池。为了评估公众对“清洁印度运动”的认知程度，我们通过手机调查询问人们对该运动的存在及目的的了解情况。我们报告了德里（2016年）、北方邦（2016年）、孟买（2016 - 17年）、拉贾斯坦邦（2016 - 17年）、比哈尔邦（2018年）、贾坎德邦（2018年）和马哈拉施特拉邦（2018年）成年人对“清洁印度运动”认知情况的代表性估计。虽然“清洁印度运动”的大部分活动在其最后两年开展，但我们发现，在调查时，任何一个邦中知晓该运动旨在推广厕所和便池使用的成年人都不超过三分之一。在北方邦，认知度尤其低，全球八分之一在露天排便的人生活在该邦。虽然“清洁印度运动”在建造便池方面非常积极，但我们发现的认知度不足表明，该运动在提高推广便池使用所需的大规模行为改变的认知方面不太成功。
