Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Integrative Physiology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai, 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India.
Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Integrative Physiology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai, 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India.
Environ Res. 2023 Nov 1;236(Pt 2):116810. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116810. Epub 2023 Aug 1.
Gestagens are common pollutants accumulated in the aquatic ecosystem. Gestagens are comprised of natural gestagens (i.e. progesterone) and synthetic gestagens (i.e. progestins). The major contributors of gestagens in the environment are paper plant mill effluent, wastewater treatment plants, discharge from pharmaceutical manufacturing, and livestock farming. Gestagens present in the aquatic environment interact with progesterone receptors and other steroid hormone receptors, negatively influencing fish reproduction, development, and behavior. In fish, the gonadotropin induces 17α, 20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) production, an important steroid hormone involved in gametogenesis. DHP interacts with the membrane progestin receptor (mPR), which regulates sperm motility and oocyte maturation. Gestagens also interfere with the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, which results in altered hormone levels in fish. Moreover, recent studies showed that even at low concentrations exposure to gestagens can have detrimental effects on fish reproduction, including reduced egg production, masculinization, feminization in males, and altered sex ratio, raising concerns about their impact on the fish population. This review highlights the hormonal regulation of sperm motility, oocyte maturation, the concentration of environmental gestagens in the aquatic environment, and their detrimental effects on fish reproduction. However, the long-term and combined impacts of multiple gestagens, including their interactions with other pollutants on fish populations and ecosystems are not well understood. The lack of standardized regulations and monitoring protocols for gestagens pollution in wastewater effluent hampers effective control and management. Nonetheless, advancements in analytical techniques and biomonitoring methods provide potential solutions by enabling better detection and quantification of gestagens in aquatic ecosystems.
孕激素是在水生生态系统中积累的常见污染物。孕激素包括天然孕激素（如孕酮）和合成孕激素（如孕激素）。环境中孕激素的主要来源是造纸厂废水、污水处理厂、制药厂排放物和畜牧业。存在于水生环境中的孕激素与孕激素受体和其他甾体激素受体相互作用，对鱼类的繁殖、发育和行为产生负面影响。在鱼类中，促性腺激素诱导 17α，20β-二羟孕酮-4-烯-3-酮（DHP）的产生，这是一种参与配子发生的重要甾体激素。DHP 与膜孕激素受体（mPR）相互作用，调节精子活力和卵母细胞成熟。孕激素还干扰下丘脑-垂体-性腺（HPG）轴，导致鱼类激素水平改变。此外，最近的研究表明，即使在低浓度下，暴露于孕激素也会对鱼类繁殖产生有害影响，包括产卵减少、雄性化、雄性雌性化和性别比例改变，引起人们对其对鱼类种群影响的关注。本综述强调了精子活力、卵母细胞成熟、环境中孕激素浓度的激素调节，以及它们对鱼类繁殖的有害影响。然而，多种孕激素的长期和综合影响，包括它们与其他污染物的相互作用对鱼类种群和生态系统的影响，尚未得到很好的理解。缺乏针对废水处理厂中孕激素污染的标准化法规和监测方案，阻碍了有效控制和管理。尽管如此，分析技术和生物监测方法的进步提供了潜在的解决方案，可以更好地检测和量化水生生态系统中的孕激素。
