Embrapa Environment, Rod SP 340, km 127.5, 13918-110, Jaguariúna, São Paulo State, Brazil.
Department of Environmental Engineering, Institute of Science and Technology of Sorocaba (ICTS), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Avenida Três de Março, 511, 18087-180, Sorocaba, São Paulo State, Brazil.
Environ Pollut. 2023 Oct 15;335:122235. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122235. Epub 2023 Aug 3.
In the field of agriculture, nanopesticides have been developed as an alternative to the conventional pesticides, being more efficient for pest control. However, before their widespread application it is essential to evaluate their safe application and no environmental impacts. In this paper, we evaluated the toxicological effects of two kinds of atrazine nanoformulations (ATZ NPs) in different biological models (Raphidocelis subcapitata, Danio rerio, Lemna minor, Artemia salina, Lactuca sativa and Daphnia magna) and compared the results with nanoparticle stability over time and the presence of natural organic matter (NOM). The systems showed different characteristics for Zein (ATZ NPZ) (184 ± 2 nm with a PDI of 0.28 ± 0.04 and zeta potential of (30.4 ± 0.05 mV) and poly(epsilon-caprolactone (ATZ PCL) (192 ± 3 nm, polydispersity (PDI) of 0.28 ± 0.28 and zeta potential of -18.8 ± 1.2 mV) nanoparticles. The results showed that there is a correlation between nanoparticles stability and the presence of NOM in the medium and Environmental Concentrations (EC) values. The stability loss or an increase in nanoparticle size result in low toxicity for R. subcapitata and L. minor. For D. magna and D. rerio, the presence of NOM in the medium reduces the ecotoxic effects for ATZ NPZ nanoparticles, but not for ATZ NPs, showing that the nanoparticles characteristics and their interaction with NOM can modulate toxic effects. Nanoparticle stability throughout the evaluation must be considered and become an integral part of toxicity protocol guidelines for nanopesticides, to ensure test quality and authentic results regarding nanopesticide effects in target and non-target organisms.
在农业领域，已经开发出纳米农药作为传统农药的替代品，在防治病虫害方面更有效。然而，在广泛应用之前，必须评估其安全应用和对环境的影响。在本文中，我们评估了两种莠去津纳米制剂（ATZ NPs）在不同生物模型（Raphidocelis subcapitata、Danio rerio、Lemna minor、Artemia salina、Lactuca sativa 和 Daphnia magna）中的毒理学效应，并将结果与纳米颗粒随时间的稳定性和天然有机物（NOM）的存在进行了比较。系统表现出不同的特性，玉米醇溶蛋白（ATZ NPZ）（184 ± 2nm，PDI 为 0.28 ± 0.04，zeta 电位为（30.4 ± 0.05 mV）和聚（己内酯）（ATZ PCL）（192 ± 3nm，多分散性（PDI）为 0.28 ± 0.28，zeta 电位为-18.8 ± 1.2 mV）纳米颗粒。结果表明，纳米颗粒的稳定性与介质中 NOM 的存在和环境浓度（EC）值之间存在相关性。纳米颗粒稳定性的丧失或粒径的增加导致 R. subcapitata 和 L. minor 的毒性降低。对于 D. magna 和 D. rerio，介质中 NOM 的存在降低了 ATZ NPZ 纳米颗粒的生态毒性效应，但对 ATZ NPs 没有影响，表明纳米颗粒的特性及其与 NOM 的相互作用可以调节毒性效应。在整个评估过程中，必须考虑纳米颗粒的稳定性，并将其作为纳米农药毒性试验指南的一个组成部分，以确保试验质量和关于目标和非目标生物中纳米农药效应的真实结果。
