Department of Emergency Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
School of Chinese Medicine for Post Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
BMC Microbiol. 2023 Aug 8;23(1):213. doi: 10.1186/s12866-023-02936-4.
The study of the native microbiome of organisms is crucial. The connection between the native microbiome and the host affects the formation of the innate immune system and the organism's growth. However, the native microbiome of newborn venomous snakes has not been reported. Therefore, we aimed to determine the oral and skin microbiomes of newborn Protobothrops mucrosquamatus.
We performed 16 S full-length sequencing on 14 samples collected from 7 newborn P. mucrosquamatus individuals, specifically targeting their oral and skin microbiomes. In terms of the oral and skin microbiome, the main species were Klebsiella pneumoniae lineages. According to subspecies/species analysis, the proportion from highest to lowest was K. quasipneumoniae subsp. similipneumoniae, K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae, and K. pneumoniae subsp. rhinoscleromatis. These three bacteria accounted for 62.5% and 85% of the skin and oral activity, respectively. The oral microbiome of newborn P. mucrosquamatus did not comprise common bacteria found in snakebite wounds or oral cultures in adult snakes. Therefore, the source of other microbiomes in the oral cavities of adult snakes may be the environment or prey. Functional Annotation of the Prokaryotic Taxa analysis showed that the skin/oral native microbiome metabolism was related to fermentation and human infection owing to the dominance of K. pneumoniae lineages. The characteristics of K. pneumoniae may impact the development of venom in venomous snakes.
The results of the native microbiome in the oral cavity and skin of newborn P. mucrosquamatus demonstrated that the habitat environment and prey capture may affect the composition of bacteria in adult snakes. We hypothesized that the native microbiome influences newborn venomous snakes and that K. pneumoniae lineages related to citrate fermentation may play a role in venom growth. However, further verification of this is required.
研究生物的本土微生物组至关重要。本土微生物组与宿主之间的联系影响先天免疫系统的形成和生物的生长。然而，尚未报道新生毒蛇的本土微生物组。因此，我们旨在确定新生原矛头蝮的口腔和皮肤微生物组。
我们对 7 只新生原矛头蝮个体的 14 个样本进行了 16S 全长测序，专门针对其口腔和皮肤微生物组。在口腔和皮肤微生物组方面，主要物种为肺炎克雷伯菌谱系。根据亚种/种分析，比例从高到低依次为肺炎克雷伯菌近似亚种、肺炎克雷伯菌亚种和鼻疽克雷伯菌亚种。这三种细菌分别占皮肤和口腔活动的 62.5%和 85%。新生原矛头蝮的口腔微生物组不包括在成年蛇的蛇伤伤口或口腔培养物中发现的常见细菌。因此，成年蛇口腔中其他微生物组的来源可能是环境或猎物。原核分类群的功能注释分析表明，由于肺炎克雷伯菌谱系的主导地位，皮肤/口腔本土微生物组代谢与发酵和人类感染有关。肺炎克雷伯菌的特征可能会影响毒蛇毒液的产生。
新生原矛头蝮口腔和皮肤的本土微生物组结果表明，栖息地环境和猎物摄取可能会影响成年蛇体内细菌的组成。我们假设本土微生物组会影响新生毒蛇，并且与柠檬酸发酵相关的肺炎克雷伯菌谱系可能在毒液生长中发挥作用。但是，需要进一步验证。
