Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2023 Aug 22;59(68):10205-10225. doi: 10.1039/d3cc02624h.
The elements of the pnictogen group, known as the 15th (VA) family in the periodic table, including phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb) and bismuth (Bi), have been widely used by alchemists to treat various diseases since ancient times and hold a pivotal position in the history of medicine, owing to their diverse pharmacological activities. Recently, with the development of modern nanotechnology, pnictogen group elements appear in a more innovative form, namely two-dimensional (2D) pnictogens ( phosphorene, arsenene, and bismuthene) with a unique layered crystal structure and extraordinary optoelectronic characteristics, which endow them with significant superiority as a novel multifunctional photonic nanoplatform for cutting-edge precision treatment of various diseases. The puckered layer structure with ultralarge surface area make them ideal drug and gene delivery vectors that can avoid degradation and reduce target effects. The anisotropic morphology allows their easier internalization by cells and may improve gene transfection efficiency. Tunable optoelectronic characteristics endow them with excellent phototherapy performance as well as the ability to act as an optical switch to initiate subsequent therapeutic events. This review provides a brief overview of the properties, preparation and surface modifications of 2D pnictogens, and then focuses on its applications in cutting-edge precision treatment as a novel multifunctional photonic nanoplatform, such as phototherapy, photonic medicine, photo-adjuvant immunotherapy and photo-assisted gene therapy. Finally, the challenges and future development trends for 2D pnictogens are provided. With a focus on 2D pnictogen-based multifunctional photonic nanoplatforms, this review may also provide profound insights for the next generation innovative precision therapy.
自远古以来，元素周期表中第 15 族（VA 族）的磷（P）、砷（As）、锑（Sb）和铋（Bi）等类金属元素就被炼金术士广泛用于治疗各种疾病，在医学史上占有重要地位，这要归功于它们多样的药理活性。最近，随着现代纳米技术的发展，类金属元素以更具创新性的形式出现，即具有独特层状晶体结构和非凡光电特性的二维（2D）类金属（磷烯、砷烯和铋烯），这使它们作为一种新型多功能光子纳米平台，在各种疾病的尖端精准治疗方面具有显著优势。其具有超大表面积的褶皱层结构使其成为理想的药物和基因递送载体，可以避免降解并减少靶向效应。各向异性的形态使它们更容易被细胞内化，并可能提高基因转染效率。可调谐的光电特性使它们具有出色的光疗性能，并且能够充当光学开关来引发后续的治疗事件。本综述简要概述了 2D 类金属的性质、制备和表面修饰，然后重点介绍了其作为一种新型多功能光子纳米平台在尖端精准治疗中的应用，如光疗、光医学、光辅助免疫治疗和光辅助基因治疗。最后，提出了 2D 类金属所面临的挑战和未来发展趋势。本综述重点关注基于 2D 类金属的多功能光子纳米平台，也可为下一代创新精准治疗提供深刻见解。
