Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612-7246, United States.
J Leukoc Biol. 2023 Nov 24;114(6):532-546. doi: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad093.
Monocytes (Mo) and macrophages (Mφ) play important roles in the function of tissues, organs, and systems of all animals during homeostasis, infection, injury, and disease. For decades, conventional wisdom has dictated that Mo and Mφ are end-stage cells that do not proliferate and that Mφ accumulation in tissues is the result of infiltration of Mo from the blood and subsequent differentiation to Mφ. However, reports from the early 1900s to the present describe evidence of Mo and Mφ proliferation in different tissues and contexts. The purpose of this review is to summarize both historical and current evidence for the contribution of Mφ proliferation to their accumulation in different tissues during homeostasis, infection, injury, and disease. Mφ proliferate in different organs and tissues, including skin, peritoneum, lung, heart, aorta, kidney, liver, pancreas, brain, spinal cord, eye, adipose tissue, and uterus, and in different species including mouse, rat, rabbit, and human. Mφ can proliferate at different stages of differentiation with infiltrating Mo-like cells proliferating in certain inflammatory contexts (e.g. skin wounding, kidney injury, bladder and liver infection) and mature resident Mφ proliferating in other inflammatory contexts (e.g. nematode infection, acetaminophen liver injury) and during homeostasis. The pathways involved in stimulating Mφ proliferation also may be context dependent, with different cytokines and transcription factors implicated in different studies. Although Mφ are known to proliferate in health, injury, and disease, much remains to be learned about the regulation of Mφ proliferation in different contexts and its impact on the homeostasis, injury, and repair of different organs and tissues.
单核细胞（Mo）和巨噬细胞（Mφ）在所有动物的组织、器官和系统的稳态、感染、损伤和疾病中发挥着重要作用。几十年来，传统观念认为 Mo 和 Mφ 是终末细胞，不会增殖，并且 Mφ 在组织中的积累是 Mo 从血液中渗透并随后分化为 Mφ 的结果。然而，从 20 世纪初到现在的报道描述了 Mo 和 Mφ 在不同组织和环境中增殖的证据。本综述的目的是总结 Mφ 增殖对其在稳态、感染、损伤和疾病期间在不同组织中积累的贡献的历史和当前证据。Mφ 在不同的器官和组织中增殖，包括皮肤、腹膜、肺、心脏、主动脉、肾脏、肝脏、胰腺、大脑、脊髓、眼睛、脂肪组织和子宫，并且在不同的物种中包括小鼠、大鼠、兔子和人类。Mφ 可以在分化的不同阶段增殖，具有侵袭性的 Mo 样细胞在某些炎症环境中增殖（例如皮肤创伤、肾脏损伤、膀胱和肝脏感染），而成熟的常驻 Mφ 在其他炎症环境中增殖（例如线虫感染、对乙酰氨基酚肝损伤）和在稳态中增殖。刺激 Mφ 增殖的途径也可能依赖于上下文，不同的细胞因子和转录因子在不同的研究中被涉及。尽管已知 Mφ 在健康、损伤和疾病中增殖，但在不同环境下调节 Mφ 增殖及其对不同器官和组织的稳态、损伤和修复的影响方面还有很多需要了解。
