Farm Technology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708PB Wageningen, the Netherlands.
Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain.
J Hazard Mater. 2023 Oct 5;459:132203. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132203. Epub 2023 Aug 5.
Marine mammals, due to their long life span, key position in the food web, and large lipid deposits, often face significant health risks from accumulating contaminants. This systematic review examines published literature on pollutant-induced adverse health effects in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) red-listed marine mammal species. Thereby, identifying gaps in literature across different extinction risk categories, spatial distribution and climatic zones of studied habitats, commonly used methodologies, researched pollutants, and mechanisms from cellular to population levels. Our findings reveal a lower availability of exposure-effect data for higher extinction risk species (critically endangered 16%, endangered 15%, vulnerable 66%), highlighting the need for more research. For many threatened species in the Southern Hemisphere pollutant-effect relationships are not established. Non-destructively sampled tissues, like blood or skin, are commonly measured for exposure assessment. The most studied pollutants are POPs (31%), metals (30%), and pesticides (17%). Research on mixture toxicity is scarce while pollution-effect studies primarily focus on molecular and cellular levels. Bridging the gap between molecular data and higher-level effects is crucial, with computational approaches offering a high potential through in vitro to in vivo extrapolation using (toxico-)kinetic modelling. This could aid in population-level risk assessment for threatened marine mammals.
海洋哺乳动物由于寿命长、在食物网中的关键位置和大量的脂肪储存，经常面临着因积累污染物而导致的重大健康风险。本系统评价审查了关于受污染物影响的海洋哺乳动物物种的不良健康影响的已发表文献，这些物种被国际自然保护联盟（IUCN）列为红色名录。从而确定了不同灭绝风险类别、研究栖息地的空间分布和气候带、常用方法学、研究污染物以及从细胞到种群水平的机制方面的文献空白。我们的研究结果表明，对于灭绝风险较高的物种（极危 16%、濒危 15%、易危 66%），暴露-效应数据的可用性较低，这突显了需要进行更多的研究。对于南半球的许多受威胁物种，尚未建立污染物-效应关系。通常，非破坏性采样的组织，如血液或皮肤，用于暴露评估。研究最多的污染物是持久性有机污染物（POPs）（31%）、金属（30%）和农药（17%）。关于混合物毒性的研究很少，而污染-效应研究主要集中在分子和细胞水平。弥合分子数据和更高水平效应之间的差距至关重要，通过使用（毒代）动力学模型进行体外到体内的外推，计算方法具有很高的潜力。这有助于对受威胁的海洋哺乳动物进行种群水平的风险评估。
