Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia.
Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Kartasura 57162, Sukoharjo, Indonesia.
Molecules. 2023 Aug 1;28(15):5794. doi: 10.3390/molecules28155794.
Oil spill remediation plays a vital role in mitigating the environmental impacts caused by oil spills. The chemical method is one of the widely recognized approaches in chemical surfactants. However, the most commonly used chemical surfactants are toxic and non-biodegradable. Herein, two biocompatible and biodegradable surfactants were synthesized from orange peel using the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIMCl) and organic solvent dimethylacetamide (CH3CN(CH3)2) as reaction media. The acronyms SOPIL and SOPOS refer to the surfactants prepared with BMIMCl and dimethylacetamide, respectively. The surface tension, dispersant effectiveness, optical microscopy, and emulsion stability test were conducted to examine the comparative performance of the synthesized surfactants. The Baffled flask test (BFT) was carried out to determine the dispersion effectiveness. The toxicity test was performed against zebrafish (Danio rerio), whereas the closed bottle test (CBT) evaluated biodegradability. The results revealed that the critical micelle concentration (CMC) value of SOPIL was lower (8.57 mg/L) than that of SOPOS (9.42 mg/L). The dispersion effectiveness values for SOPIL and SOPOS were 69.78% and 40.30%, respectively. The acute toxicity test demonstrated that SOPIL was 'practically non-toxic' with a median lethal concentration of more than 1000 mg/L after 96 h. The biodegradation rate was recorded as higher than 60% for both surfactants within 28 days, demonstrating their readily biodegradable nature. Considering these attributes, biocompatible and biodegradable surfactants derived from orange peel emerge as a promising and sustainable alternative for oil spill remediation.
溢油补救对于减轻溢油造成的环境影响至关重要。化学方法是化学表面活性剂中广泛认可的方法之一。然而，最常用的化学表面活性剂是有毒和不可生物降解的。在此，使用离子液体 1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯 (BMIMCl) 和有机溶剂二甲基乙酰胺 (CH3CN(CH3)2) 作为反应介质，从橙皮中合成了两种生物相容和可生物降解的表面活性剂。缩写 SOPIL 和 SOPOS 分别指的是用 BMIMCl 和二甲基乙酰胺制备的表面活性剂。通过表面张力、分散剂有效性、光学显微镜和乳液稳定性测试来考察合成表面活性剂的比较性能。采用挡板瓶测试 (BFT) 来测定分散剂的有效性。对斑马鱼 (Danio rerio) 进行了毒性测试，而闭瓶测试 (CBT) 则评估了生物降解性。结果表明，SOPIL 的临界胶束浓度 (CMC) 值较低 (8.57mg/L)，而 SOPOS 的 CMC 值较高 (9.42mg/L)。SOPIL 和 SOPOS 的分散剂有效性值分别为 69.78%和 40.30%。急性毒性测试表明，SOPIL 在 96 小时后，其半致死浓度超过 1000mg/L，表现出“实际无毒”。在 28 天内，两种表面活性剂的生物降解率均记录为高于 60%，表明它们具有良好的生物降解性。考虑到这些特性，从橙皮中提取的生物相容和可生物降解的表面活性剂是一种很有前途和可持续的溢油补救替代方案。
