School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
Vitreous Retina Macula Consultants of New York, New York, NY, USA; NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
Prog Retin Eye Res. 2023 Nov;97:101207. doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2023.101207. Epub 2023 Aug 12.
White spot syndromes (WSS) pose challenges in the field of ophthalmology, particularly in terms of accurate diagnosis and effective management. However, recent advancements in multimodal imaging (MMI) have significantly contributed to our understanding of WSS, allowing for improved characterization of these inflammatory chorioretinopathies. By employing various imaging modalities, including fundus fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, fundus autofluorescence, optical coherence tomography (OCT), ultra-widefield imaging, and OCT angiography, researchers and clinicians have gained valuable insights into the underlying pathophysiological changes and clinical progression of WSS. Furthermore, MMI has unveiled novel and atypical variants within the spectrum of WSS, expanding our knowledge in this field. Notably, the identification of secondary forms of WSS occurring concurrently with unrelated chorioretinal disorders has suggested a potential autoimmune mechanism underlying these conditions. The introduction of MMI has also facilitated a more comprehensive evaluation of previously ill-defined entities, such as acute zonal occult outer retinopathy, leading to improved diagnostic criteria and enhanced recognition of distinct features. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advances and interpretations in WSS. By integrating MMI into the diagnosis and management of these conditions, this review aims to enhance patient outcomes and provide valuable insights into the complexities surrounding WSS.
白点综合征（WSS）在眼科领域带来了挑战，特别是在准确诊断和有效管理方面。然而，多模态成像（MMI）的最新进展极大地促进了我们对 WSS 的理解，使我们能够更好地描述这些炎症性脉络膜视网膜病变。通过使用多种成像方式，包括眼底荧光血管造影、吲哚青绿血管造影、眼底自发荧光、光学相干断层扫描（OCT）、超广角成像和 OCT 血管造影，研究人员和临床医生深入了解了 WSS 的潜在病理生理变化和临床进展。此外，MMI 揭示了 WSS 谱内的新型和非典型变异体，扩展了我们在这一领域的知识。值得注意的是，与无关的脉络膜视网膜疾病同时发生的 WSS 的继发性形式的识别表明这些疾病可能存在潜在的自身免疫机制。MMI 的引入还促进了对以前定义不明确的实体的更全面评估，如急性区域性隐匿性外层视网膜病变，从而提高了诊断标准，并增强了对不同特征的识别。本文综述全面介绍了 WSS 的最新进展和解读。通过将 MMI 整合到这些疾病的诊断和管理中，本综述旨在改善患者的预后，并深入了解 WSS 的复杂性。
