Feelings on feedback: Children's emotional responses during mathematics problem solving.

Theories of learning emphasize the importance of both the cognitive and affective state of the learner. The current study focused on children's affective reactions to corrective feedback during mathematics problem solving. Eighty-seven elementary school children ( age = 7.6 years, 41% female, 68% White) solved mathematical equivalence problems during an online video call and received trial-by-trial feedback on their answers. Trained researchers used children's facial expressions, tone of voice, and verbal statements to quantify their positive and negative affect on each trial. Overall, children tended to express more positive affect than negative affect. However, negative affect was more prominent when the child was incorrect and received negative feedback, and higher negative affect was associated with lower accuracy and lower persistence on the task. These results provide novel empirical evidence for the role of emotions during children's STEM learning in a non-evaluative context.