Akhabue E R, Onoji S E, Ishola F, Ukpong A A, Idama O, Ekanem U, Adepoju T F
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Informatics, University of Bradford, United Kingdom.
Petroleum and Natural Gas Processing Department, Petroleum Training Institute, Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria.
MethodsX. 2023 Aug 1;11:102304. doi: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102304. eCollection 2023 Dec.
This work employed the Admixture of oil from winter squash seed oil and duck waste fat for the synthesis of biodiesel using a derived heterogeneous catalyst from burnt kernel empty bunch (BAKEB). The admixture oil was obtained using the gravity ratio method and the properties of the oils were determined. The developed BAKEB was characterized using SEM, FTIR, XRF-FT, BET-adsorption, and qualitative analysis. Transesterification of the admixture oil to biodiesel was carried out in a single transesterification batch reactor, while Process optimization was carried out via RSM-CCD with four constraint variables namely: reaction period, catalyst conc., reaction temperature, and E-OH/OMR, respectively. The spent catalyst was recycled and reused and the quality of the produced biodiesel was compared with the recommended standard. Results showed the admixture oil ratio of 48:52 was sufficient to produce a validated optimum biodiesel yield of 99.42% (wt./wt.) at the reaction time of 55 min, catalyst conc. of 3.00 (%wt.), reaction temperature of 60 °C, and E-OH/OMR of 5.5:1 (vol./vol.), respectively. ANOVA analysis indicated that all variables were mutually significant at p-value<0.0001.The developed BAKEB was found to contain high percentages of Al-K-Na-Ca. The catalyst recyclability test indicated that BAKEB can be refined and reused. The produced biodiesel qualities have fuel properties similar to conventional diesel when compared with ASTM D6751 and EN 14,214. The study concluded that the blending of winter squash seed oil with duck waste fat in the ratio of 48:52 as feedstock for biodiesel synthesis is viable.
本研究利用南瓜籽油和鸭废油脂的混合物，采用由燃烧后的果核空穗（BAKEB）制备的非均相催化剂来合成生物柴油。通过重力比法获得混合油，并测定了其性质。利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、X射线荧光光谱-傅里叶变换（XRF-FT）、比表面积分析仪（BET）吸附以及定性分析等手段对制备的BAKEB进行了表征。在单级间歇式酯交换反应器中进行混合油向生物柴油的酯交换反应，同时通过响应曲面法-中心复合设计（RSM-CCD）对反应时间、催化剂浓度、反应温度和醇油摩尔比这四个约束变量进行工艺优化。对废催化剂进行回收再利用，并将生产的生物柴油质量与推荐标准进行比较。结果表明，在反应时间为55分钟、催化剂浓度为3.00%（质量分数）、反应温度为60℃以及醇油摩尔比为5.5:1（体积比）的条件下，48:52的混合油比例足以产生经验证的最佳生物柴油产率99.42%（质量/质量）。方差分析表明，所有变量在p值<0.0001时都具有显著相关性。发现制备的BAKEB含有高比例的铝、钾、钠、钙。催化剂可回收性测试表明，BAKEB可以进行精制并重复使用。与美国材料与试验协会标准D6751和欧洲标准EN 14214相比，生产的生物柴油质量具有与传统柴油相似的燃料特性。该研究得出结论，以48:52的比例将南瓜籽油与鸭废油脂混合作为生物柴油合成的原料是可行的。
