Ameen Maria, Zafar Muhammad, Ahmad Mushtaq, Munir Mamoona, Abid Islem, Mustafa Abd El-Zaher M A, Athar Mohammad, Makhkamov Trobjon, Mamarakhimov Oybek, Yuldashev Akramjon, Khaydarov Khislat, Mammadova Afat O, Botirova Laziza, Makkamov Zokirjon
Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Capital Territory, Islamabad 15320, Pakistan.
Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Constitution Avenue, G-5/2 G-5, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
Membranes (Basel). 2023 Nov 27;13(12):889. doi: 10.3390/membranes13120889.
Membrane technology has been embraced as a feasible and suitable substitute for conventional time- and energy-intensive biodiesel synthesis processes. It is ecofriendly, easier to run and regulate, and requires less energy than conventional approaches, with excellent stability. Therefore, the present study involved the synthesis and application of a highly reactive and recyclable Titania-based heterogeneous nanocatalyst (TiO) for biodiesel production from nonedible seed oil via a membrane reactor, since is easily and widely accessible and has a rich oil content (39% /). The high free fatty acids content (6.52 mg/g KOH) of the nonedible oil was decreased to less than 1% via two-step esterification. Following the esterification, transesterification was performed using a heterogeneous TiO nanocatalyst under optimum conditions, such as a 9:1 methanol-oil molar ratio, 90 °C reaction temperature, 2 wt.% catalyst loading, and an agitation rate of 600 rpm, and the biodiesel yield was optimized through response surface methodology (RSM). seed oil contains 68.98% unsaturated (61.01% oleic acid, 8.97% linoleic acid) and 31.02% saturated fatty acids (15.91% palmitic acid, 15.11% stearic acid). These fatty acids transformed into respective methyl esters, with a total yield up to 95% achieved. The biodiesel was analyzed via advanced characterization techniques like gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), whereas the catalyst was characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Due to its physicochemical properties, seed oil is a highly recommended feedstock for biodiesel production. Moreover, it is concluded that the Titania-based heterogeneous nanocatalyst (TiO) is effective for high-quality liquid fuel synthesis from nonedible seed oil in a membrane reactor, which could be an optional green route to cleaner production of bioenergy, eventually leading to sustenance, robustness, and resilience that will aid in developing a holistic framework for integrated waste management.
膜技术已被视为一种可行且合适的替代方法，可取代传统的耗时且耗能的生物柴油合成工艺。它环保，易于运行和调节，比传统方法所需能量更少，且具有出色的稳定性。因此，本研究涉及合成并应用一种高活性且可回收的二氧化钛基多相纳米催化剂（TiO），通过膜反应器从非食用油中生产生物柴油，因为这种油易于获取且产量丰富（含油量39% /）。通过两步酯化，将非食用油中高含量的游离脂肪酸（6.52毫克/克KOH）降低至1%以下。酯化反应之后，在最佳条件下使用多相TiO纳米催化剂进行酯交换反应，如甲醇与油的摩尔比为9:1、反应温度为90℃、催化剂负载量为2重量%以及搅拌速率为600转/分钟，并通过响应面法（RSM）优化生物柴油产率。该种子油含有68.98%的不饱和脂肪酸（油酸61.01%、亚油酸8.97%）和31.02%的饱和脂肪酸（棕榈酸15.91%、硬脂酸15.11%）。这些脂肪酸转化为各自的甲酯，总产率高达95%。通过气相色谱 - 质谱联用（GC - MS）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT - IR）和核磁共振（NMR）等先进表征技术对生物柴油进行分析，而通过X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、能量色散X射线（EDX）和傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT - IR）对催化剂进行表征。由于其物理化学性质，该种子油是生物柴油生产中 highly recommended的原料。此外，得出结论：二氧化钛基多相纳米催化剂（TiO）在膜反应器中由非食用油生产高质量液体燃料方面是有效的，这可能是一条生产更清洁生物能源的可选绿色途径，最终实现可持续性、稳健性和恢复力，有助于建立综合废物管理的整体框架。 （注：原文中“highly recommended”处的“highly recommended”疑似有误，可能是某种特定种子油的名称未完整写出，暂保留原文表述。）
