Dobel Christian, Junghöfer Markus
HNO-Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Stoystr. 3, 07740, Jena, Deutschland.
Institut für Biomagnetismus und Biosignalanalyse, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Deutschland.
HNO. 2023 Oct;71(10):648-655. doi: 10.1007/s00106-023-01338-2. Epub 2023 Aug 15.
Subjective tinnitus (hereafter tinnitus) is often considered and studied as a perceptual phenomenon. Accordingly, various abnormalities in the area of cognitive processing have been reported in patients with tinnitus. At the same time, the disorder is characterized by considerable emotional distress, which is associated with a high comorbidity of affective disorders. Here, we aim to outline the close link between cognition and emotion, and how current research from the field of cognitive neuroscience examines the processing and acquisition of emotional stimuli. The emotional valence of stimuli can be acquired after brief exposure to learning, leading from neutral to appetitive or aversive evaluation. In contrast to neutral stimuli, emotional stimuli attract attention very early (about 100 ms) during processing, leading to deeper processing and corresponding memory effects. The involved subcortical and cortical network encompasses limbic and sensory areas. In particular, prefrontal regions are involved in the acquisition and evaluation of emotional stimuli as also shown in studies of patients with affect disorders. The interplay of cognitive and emotional processes seems to be central to the development, maintenance, and treatment of tinnitus.
主观性耳鸣（以下简称耳鸣）常被视为一种感知现象并进行研究。相应地，耳鸣患者认知加工区域出现了各种异常情况。同时，这种疾病的特征是伴有相当程度的情绪困扰，且与情感障碍的高共病率相关。在此，我们旨在概述认知与情绪之间的紧密联系，以及认知神经科学领域当前的研究如何考察情绪刺激的加工和习得。刺激的情绪效价在短暂暴露于学习后即可习得，从而从中性评价转向喜好或厌恶评价。与中性刺激不同，情绪刺激在加工过程中很早就会吸引注意力（约100毫秒），从而导致更深入的加工和相应的记忆效应。所涉及的皮层下和皮层网络包括边缘系统和感觉区域。特别是，前额叶区域参与情绪刺激的习得和评价，情感障碍患者的研究也表明了这一点。认知和情绪过程的相互作用似乎是耳鸣发生、维持和治疗的核心。
