Institute for Psychology, Psychological Assessment and Personality Psychology, University of Münster.
Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2023 Sep;125(3):649-679. doi: 10.1037/pspp0000468.
A large body of research suggests that extraversion is positively related to well-being. However, it is unclear whether this association can be explained by social participation (i.e., more extraverted individuals engage in social interactions more frequently) or social reactivity (i.e., more extraverted individuals profit more from social interactions) processes. Here, we examined the role of social interactions for the extraversion-well-being relationship during the COVID-19 pandemic, an unprecedented time of reduced social contact. We analyzed data from an international, longitudinal study (Study 1: 10,523 assessments provided by 4,622 participants) and two experience sampling studies (Study 2: 29,536 assessments provided by 293 participants; Study 3: 61,492 assessments provided by 1,381 participants). Preregistered multilevel structural equation models revealed that extraversion was robustly related to well-being, even when social restrictions were in place. Across data sets, we found some support for the social participation hypothesis (i.e., the relationship between extraversion and well-being is mediated by social interactions), but the social reactivity hypothesis (i.e., extraversion moderates the relationship between social interactions and well-being) was not consistently supported. Strikingly, however, exploratory analyses showed that the social reactivity hypothesis was supported for specific facets of extraversion (i.e., sociability) and well-being (i.e., activated positive affect). Moreover, changes in social interaction patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic (e.g., decreases in face-to-face interactions and interactions with friends) were unrelated to extraversion, and more extraverted individuals did not suffer more from these changes. Taken together, these findings underline the robustness of the effect of extraversion on well-being during a societal crisis. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
大量研究表明，外向性与幸福感呈正相关。然而，这种关联是由于社交参与（即更外向的个体更频繁地参与社交互动）还是社交反应性（即更外向的个体从社交互动中获益更多）过程尚不清楚。在这里，我们考察了在 COVID-19 大流行期间社交互动在外向性-幸福感关系中的作用，这是一个社交接触减少的前所未有的时期。我们分析了一项国际纵向研究（研究 1：4622 名参与者提供的 10523 项评估）和两项体验抽样研究的数据（研究 2：293 名参与者提供的 29536 项评估；研究 3：1381 名参与者提供的 61492 项评估）。预先注册的多层次结构方程模型显示，即使在社会限制存在的情况下，外向性与幸福感之间仍存在稳健的关系。在所有数据集中，我们发现一些支持社交参与假设的证据（即外向性和幸福感之间的关系通过社交互动来中介），但社交反应性假设（即外向性调节社交互动和幸福感之间的关系）并没有得到一致支持。然而，引人注目的是，探索性分析表明，社交反应性假设仅在特定的外向性方面（即社交能力）和幸福感方面（即激活的积极情绪）得到支持。此外，COVID-19 大流行期间社交互动模式的变化（例如，面对面互动和与朋友的互动减少）与外向性无关，并且更外向的个体不会因为这些变化而受到更多的影响。综上所述，这些发现强调了在社会危机期间外向性对幸福感的影响的稳健性。
