Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, 610101, India.
Folia Microbiol (Praha). 2023 Oct;68(5):657-675. doi: 10.1007/s12223-023-01083-7. Epub 2023 Aug 17.
Antibiotics are the most efficient type of therapy developed in the twentieth century. From the early 1960s to the present, the rate of discovery of new and therapeutically useful classes of antibiotics has significantly decreased. As a result of antibiotic use, novel strains emerge that limit the efficiency of therapies in patients, resulting in serious consequences such as morbidity or mortality, as well as clinical difficulties. Antibiotic resistance has created major concern and has a greater impact on global health. Horizontal and vertical gene transfers are two mechanisms involved in the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) through environmental sources such as wastewater treatment plants, agriculture, soil, manure, and hospital-associated area discharges. Mobile genetic elements have an important part in microbe selection pressure and in spreading their genes into new microbial communities; additionally, it establishes a loop between the environment, animals, and humans. This review contains antibiotics and their resistance mechanisms, diffusion of ARGs, prevention of ARG transmission, tactics involved in microbiome identification, and therapies that aid to minimize infection, which are explored further below. The emergence of ARGs and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) is an unavoidable threat to global health. The discovery of novel antimicrobial agents derived from natural products shifts the focus from chemical modification of existing antibiotic chemical composition. In the future, metagenomic research could aid in the identification of antimicrobial resistance genes in the environment. Novel therapeutics may reduce infection and the transmission of ARGs.
抗生素是 20 世纪开发的最有效的治疗类型。从 20 世纪 60 年代初到现在，发现新的和具有治疗用途的抗生素类别的速度显著下降。由于抗生素的使用，新的菌株出现，限制了患者治疗的效率，导致发病率或死亡率以及临床困难等严重后果。抗生素耐药性引起了极大的关注，并对全球健康产生了更大的影响。水平和垂直基因转移是抗生素耐药基因（ARGs）通过环境来源（如废水处理厂、农业、土壤、粪便和医院相关区域排放）传播的两种机制。移动遗传元件在微生物选择压力和将其基因传播到新的微生物群落中起着重要作用；此外，它在环境、动物和人类之间建立了一个循环。本综述包含抗生素及其耐药机制、ARGs 的扩散、预防 ARG 传播、微生物组鉴定策略以及有助于最大限度减少感染的治疗方法，下面将进一步探讨这些内容。ARGs 和抗生素耐药菌（ARB）的出现是对全球健康的一个不可避免的威胁。从天然产物中发现新的抗菌剂将研究重点从现有抗生素化学成分的化学修饰转移开来。未来，宏基因组学研究可能有助于识别环境中的抗菌耐药基因。新型疗法可能会减少感染和 ARGs 的传播。
