Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Bioconversion and Renewable Energy Research Unit, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Bioconversion and Renewable Energy Research Unit, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
Sci Total Environ. 2021 Aug 25;784:147191. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147191. Epub 2021 Apr 19.
Antibiotic residues together with non-antibiotic drugs and heavy metals act as a selective pressure for the spread of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms (ARMs), antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs), and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) during composting of livestock manure. ARMs, ARGs and MGEs have become emerging contaminants since they are regularly implicated in the majority of compost produced from livestock manure. The prevalence of these contaminants in agricultural soil receiving compost has drawn huge attention globally due to the risks they pose to the total environment. Although a large body of literature exists on the application of composting methods in minimizing the relative abundance of these contaminants, there is a paucity of information on the robustness, limitations and opportunities and threats of various composting protocols currently deployed. To address this knowledge gap, the current review compiled literature on the origin and mechanisms of the proliferation of ARMs, ARGs, and MGEs during composting of livestock manure. The effectiveness of current composting protocols in the reduction or removal of emerging contaminants was evaluated. Furthermore, the potential environmental impacts and human health risks of these contaminants following land application of compost were also presented. Finally, we propose some strategic approaches for the reduction of ARGs and MGEs during composting of livestock manure.
抗生素残留以及非抗生素药物和重金属在堆肥处理动物粪便的过程中充当了选择性压力，促进了抗生素耐药微生物（ARMs）、抗生素耐药基因（ARGs）和可移动遗传元件（MGEs）的传播。由于这些污染物经常存在于大多数来自动物粪便的堆肥中，因此它们已成为新兴的污染物。由于这些污染物对整个环境构成的风险，在接收堆肥的农业土壤中，这些污染物的流行情况引起了全球的极大关注。尽管有大量文献研究了堆肥方法在最大限度减少这些污染物相对丰度方面的应用，但对于当前部署的各种堆肥方案的稳健性、局限性、机遇和威胁，信息却十分匮乏。为了解决这一知识空白，本综述汇集了有关 ARMs、ARGs 和 MGEs 在动物粪便堆肥过程中增殖的起源和机制的文献。评估了当前堆肥方案在减少或去除新兴污染物方面的有效性。此外，还介绍了这些污染物在堆肥施用于土地后对环境和人类健康的潜在影响和风险。最后，我们提出了一些在动物粪便堆肥过程中减少 ARGs 和 MGEs 的策略方法。
