School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Nutr Res. 2023 Oct;118:63-69. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2023.07.005. Epub 2023 Jul 19.
According to the Global Burden of Disease Study, 3 million deaths were attributable to high sodium intake and low intake of whole grains. With the rapid evolution of the food industry, we hypothesize that dietary intake of sodium has increased and that dietary intake of whole grains or fibers has decreased because of easier access to highly processed food. Country-level data on dietary factors and country income levels from 1990 to 2018 were collected from 3 public databases. The trend of dietary intake was modeled using the linear mixed model accounting for random effects of individual countries. The country-level differences in dietary factors between males and females were calculated, and the trends were also modeled accounting for the random effects of countries. Both males and females consumed increasing amounts of dietary sodium from 1990 to 2018 in high-income, middle- to high-, middle-, and low-income countries. Dietary fiber intake increased in low-to-middle, middle-, and middle-to-high income countries for both men and women over the past 3 decades. Men tend to consume more sodium and less fiber and whole grains in their diets than women, the trend of which is statistically significant in middle-income countries. Over the past 3 decades, the macrotrend of dietary sodium has increased around the globe. To reduce the sodium intake level, nutrition policy should emphasize sodium reduction, especially in high-income, middle- to high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries.
根据全球疾病负担研究，有 300 万人的死亡可归因于高钠摄入和全谷物摄入不足。随着食品工业的快速发展，我们假设由于更容易获得高度加工的食品，饮食中钠的摄入量增加了，而全谷物或纤维的摄入量减少了。从 3 个公共数据库中收集了 1990 年至 2018 年的饮食因素和国家收入水平的国家数据。使用线性混合模型，根据各国的随机效应，对饮食摄入的趋势进行建模。计算了男性和女性之间饮食因素的国家间差异，并对国家的随机效应进行了建模。从 1990 年到 2018 年，高收入、中高收入、中等收入和低收入国家的男性和女性的饮食钠摄入量都在增加。在过去的 30 年中，低中收入、中等收入和中高收入国家的男性和女性的膳食纤维摄入量都有所增加。男性在饮食中摄入的钠和纤维以及全谷物往往比女性多，这种趋势在中等收入国家具有统计学意义。在过去的 30 年中，全球饮食钠的宏观趋势一直在增加。为了降低钠的摄入量，营养政策应强调减少钠的摄入，特别是在高收入、中高收入、中等收入和低收入国家。
