Lyytinen Heikki, Louleli Natalia
Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language BCBL, San Sebastian, Spain.
Front Psychol. 2023 Aug 4;14:1142559. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1142559. eCollection 2023.
Unlike many believe, accurate and fluent basic reading skill (ie. to decode text) is not enough for learning knowledge via reading. More than 10 years ago a digital learning game supporting the first step towards full literacy, i.e., GraphoGame (GG) was developed by the first author with his colleagues in the University of Jyväskylä, Finland. It trains the acquisition of basic reading skills, i.e., learning to sound out written language. Nowadays, when almost everyone in the world has an opportunity to use this GG, it is time to start supporting the acquisition of full literacy (FL). FL is necessary for efficient learning in school, where reading the schoolbooks successfully is essential. The present plan aims to help globally almost all who read whatever orthography to start from the earliest possible grade during which children have learned the mastery of the basic reading skill to immediately continue taking the next step to reach FL. Unlike common beliefs, support of FL is mostly needed among those who read transparent orthographies (reading by the majority of readers of alphabetic writings) which are easier to sound out due to consistency between spoken and written units at grapheme-phoneme level. This makes readers able to sound any written item which is pronounceable with only a little help of knowing what it means. Therefore, children tend to become inclined to not pay enough attention to the meaning but concentrate on decoding the text letter-by-letter. They had to learn from the beginning to approach the goal of reading, mediation of the meaning of the text. Readers of nontransparent English need to attend morphology for correct sounding. The continuing fall of OECD's Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) results, e.g., in Finland reveals that especially boys are not any more interested in reading outside school which would be natural way to reach the main goal of reading, FL. What could be a better way to help boys towards FL than motivating them to play computer games which requires reading comprehension. The new digital ComprehensionGame designed by the first author motivates pupils to read in effective way by concurrently elevating their school achievements by connecting the training to daily reading lessons. This article describes our efforts to elaborate and validate this new digital tool by starting from populations of learners who need it most in Africa and in Finland.
与许多人的看法不同,准确流利的基础阅读技能(即解码文本)对于通过阅读学习知识来说是不够的。十多年前,第一作者与他在芬兰于韦斯屈莱大学的同事开发了一款数字学习游戏GraphoGame(GG),它是迈向完全读写能力的第一步的支持工具。它训练基础阅读技能的习得,即学习读出书面语言。如今,当世界上几乎每个人都有机会使用这款GG时,是时候开始支持完全读写能力(FL)的习得了。FL对于在学校进行高效学习是必要的,在学校里成功阅读教科书至关重要。目前的计划旨在帮助全球几乎所有阅读任何文字体系的人,从儿童掌握基础阅读技能的最早年级开始,立即继续迈出下一步以达到FL。与普遍看法不同的是,对于那些阅读透明文字体系(字母文字的大多数读者所采用的阅读方式)的人来说,尤其需要支持FL,因为这种文字体系在字素 - 音素层面上口语和书面单位之间具有一致性,所以更容易读出声音。这使得读者在仅需一点对其含义的了解的帮助下就能读出任何可发音的书面内容。因此,孩子们往往倾向于不够关注含义,而是逐字母地专注于解码文本。他们必须从一开始就学习朝着阅读的目标前进,即理解文本的含义。非透明文字体系的英语读者需要学习词法才能正确发音。经济合作与发展组织(OECD)的国际学生评估项目(PISA)成绩持续下降,例如在芬兰,这表明特别是男孩不再对校外阅读感兴趣,而校外阅读本应是达到阅读主要目标——FL的自然方式。有什么比激励男孩玩需要阅读理解的电脑游戏更好的方法来帮助他们实现FL呢?第一作者设计的新数字理解游戏(ComprehensionGame)通过将训练与日常阅读课程相联系,同时提高学生的学业成绩,激励学生以有效的方式阅读。本文描述了我们从非洲和芬兰最需要它的学习者群体出发,精心制作和验证这个新数字工具的努力。