Allam Ahmad Mohammad, Elbayoumy Mohamed Karam, Ghazy Alaa Abdelmoneam
Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.
Clin Exp Vaccine Res. 2023 Jul;12(3):179-192. doi: 10.7774/cevr.2023.12.3.179. Epub 2023 Jul 31.
The world has watched the emergence of numerous animal viruses that may threaten animal health which were added to the perpetual growing list of animal pathogens. This emergence drew the attention of the experts and animal health groups to the fact that it has become necessary to work on vaccine development. The current review aims to explore the perspective vaccines for emerging viral diseases in farm animals. This aim was fulfilled by focusing on modern technologies as well as next generation vaccines that have been introduced in the field of vaccines, either in clinical developments pending approval, or have already come to light and have been applied to animals with acceptable results such as viral-vectored vaccines, virus-like particles, and messenger RNA-based platforms. Besides, it shed the light on the importance of differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals technology in eradication programs of emerging viral diseases. The new science of nanomaterials was explored to elucidate its role in vaccinology. Finally, the role of Bioinformatics or Vaccinomics and its assist in vaccine designing and developments were discussed. The reviewing of the published manuscripts concluded that the use of conventional vaccines is considered an out-of-date approach in eliminating emerging diseases. However, these types of vaccines are considered the suitable plan especially in countries with few resources and capabilities. Piloted vaccines that rely on genetic-based technologies with continuous analyses of current viruses should be the aim of future vaccinology. Smart genomics of emerging viruses will be the gateway to choosing appropriate vaccines, regardless of the evolutionary rates of viruses.
世界目睹了众多可能威胁动物健康的动物病毒的出现，这些病毒被列入了不断增加的动物病原体名单。这种情况引起了专家和动物健康组织的关注，即开展疫苗研发已变得十分必要。本综述旨在探讨家畜新兴病毒性疾病的前瞻性疫苗。通过关注现代技术以及疫苗领域引入的下一代疫苗来实现这一目标，这些疫苗包括处于临床开发待批准阶段的，或已问世并已应用于动物且取得可接受结果的，如病毒载体疫苗、病毒样颗粒和基于信使核糖核酸的平台。此外，还阐述了在新兴病毒性疾病根除计划中区分感染动物和接种动物技术的重要性。探讨了纳米材料这一新兴科学，以阐明其在疫苗学中的作用。最后，讨论了生物信息学或疫苗组学及其在疫苗设计和开发中的辅助作用。对已发表手稿的综述得出结论，使用传统疫苗在消除新兴疾病方面被认为是一种过时的方法。然而，这类疫苗被认为是合适的方案，特别是在资源和能力有限的国家。依靠基于基因技术并持续分析当前病毒的试验性疫苗应成为未来疫苗学的目标。新兴病毒的智能基因组学将成为选择合适疫苗的途径，而不论病毒的进化速率如何。
