Metallic, carbon-based, and polymeric nanomaterials: transforming dairy farming practices for sustainability.

Nanotechnology presents transformative solutions for the challenges facing modern dairy farming, enhancing productivity, health, and safety. This paper explores the integration of nanomaterials in dairy farming, focusing on their applications in animal health, milk production, and quality control. Metallic nanoparticles, carbon-based nanomaterials, polymeric nanoparticles, nano-emulsions, and natural nanomaterials offer innovative tools for veterinary medicine, diagnostics, and targeted drug delivery. These nanomaterials can improve nutrient absorption, hormonal regulation, and disease resistance, significantly boosting milk yield and quality. Nano-biosensors facilitate real-time monitoring of animal health and milk safety, ensuring quality standards and reducing contamination risks. However, the potential toxicity, environmental persistence, and regulatory challenges of nanomaterials warrant careful evaluation. This review paper emphasizes the need for responsible and sustainable use of nanotechnology in dairy farming, highlighting policy guidelines and recommendations for its safe and effective adoption. The findings underscore nanotechnology's pivotal role in advancing sustainable and efficient dairy farming practices.