Cranfield University, Centre for Defence Chemistry, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham SN6 7LA, UK.
Cranfield University, Centre for Defence Chemistry, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham SN6 7LA, UK.
Sci Total Environ. 2018 Jun 1;625:1264-1271. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.264. Epub 2018 Jan 12.
Contamination of military ranges by the use of explosives can lead to irreversible environmental damage, specifically to soil and groundwater. The fate and effects of traditional explosive residues are well understood, while less is known about the impact of Insensitive High Explosives (IHEs) that are currently being brought into military service. Current research has focussed on the investigation of individual constituents of IHE formulations, which may not be representative of real-world scenarios when explosive residues will be deposited together. Therefore, this study investigated the fate and transport of the combined IHE constituents 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), 1-nitroguanidine (NQ) and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) in two UK soil types. Static experiments ran for 9weeks to determine the fate of the combined explosive constituents in soil by monitoring the rate of degradation. Transport was examined by running soil column experiments for 5weeks, with a watering regime equivalent to the average yearly UK rainfall. Both static and soil column experiments confirmed that DNAN and NTO started to degrade within twenty-four hours in soil with high organic content, and were both completely degraded within sixty days. NQ was more stable, with 80% of the original material recovered after sixty days. The major degradation product of DNAN in the test soils was 2-amino-4-nitroanisole (2-ANAN), with trace amounts of 4-amino-2-nitroanisole. NTO was rapidly degraded in soil with high organic content, although no degradation products were identified. Results supported work from literature on the individual constituents DNAN, NQ and NTO suggesting that the three explosives in combination did not interact with each other when in soil. This study should provide a useful insight into the behaviour of three combined Insensitive High Explosive constituents for the predication of soil and water contamination during military training.
军事靶场使用爆炸物的污染可能导致不可逆转的环境破坏，特别是对土壤和地下水。传统爆炸残留物的命运和影响已经得到很好的理解，而对目前正在投入军事用途的钝感高爆炸物（IHE）的影响了解较少。目前的研究集中在调查 IHE 配方的个别成分上，当爆炸残留物一起沉积时，这些成分可能无法代表实际情况。因此，本研究调查了两种英国土壤类型中组合的 IHE 成分 2,4-二硝基苯甲醚（DNAN）、1-硝胍（NQ）和 3-硝基-1,2,4-三唑-5-酮（NTO）的命运和迁移。静态实验持续了 9 周，通过监测降解速度来确定组合爆炸物成分在土壤中的命运。通过进行为期 5 周的土壤柱实验来研究迁移，淋溶制度相当于英国每年的平均降雨量。静态和土壤柱实验都证实，DNAN 和 NTO 在高有机含量的土壤中，在二十四小时内开始降解，并且在六十天内完全降解。NQ 更稳定，六十天后回收了原始材料的 80%。DNAN 在测试土壤中的主要降解产物是 2-氨基-4-硝基苯甲醚（2-ANAN），痕量的 4-氨基-2-硝基苯甲醚。NTO 在高有机含量的土壤中迅速降解，尽管没有鉴定出降解产物。结果支持了关于单独成分 DNAN、NQ 和 NTO 的文献工作，表明三种爆炸物在组合时在土壤中不会相互作用。本研究应为预测军事训练期间土壤和水污染提供有关三种组合的钝感高爆炸物成分的行为的有用见解。
