Assessment of Lactobacillus rhamnosus mediated protection against arsenic-induced toxicity in zebrafish: a qPCR-based analysis of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes groups and embryonic development.

Arsenic poses a significant health risk worldwide, impacting the gut microbiota, reproductive health, and development. To address this issue, a cost-effective method like probiotic supplementation could be beneficial. However, the interplay between arsenic toxicity, probiotics, gut microbiota, and maternal transcript modulation remains unexplored. This study investigates the impact of Lactobacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus) DSM 20021 on the proportions of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, as well as its effects on embryonic development in zebrafish induced by arsenic trioxide (AsO). Adult zebrafish were exposed to both high and environmentally relevant concentrations of AsO (10, 50, and 500 ppb) for 1, 6, and 12 weeks. qPCR analysis revealed increased proportions of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in all AsO-exposed and AsO + L. rhamnosus-exposed groups, while no significant changes were observed in groups exposed only to L. rhamnosus DSM 20021. The larvae, exposed to 500 ppb of AsO for 12 weeks, exhibited low growth, decreased survival rates, and morphological deformities. However, these adverse effects were reversed upon exposure to only L. rhamnosus DSM 20021. Furthermore, the expression of DVR1 and ABCC5, which are involved in defense against xenobiotics and embryo development, decreased significantly in AsO (500 ppb) and AsO (500 ppb) + L. rhamnosus-exposed groups, whereas ameliorative effects were observed in only L. rhamnosus DSM 20021-exposed groups.