Darwish Toqa, Swaidan Nuha Taysir, Emara Mohamed M
Basic Medical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar.
Biology (Basel). 2023 Aug 11;12(8):1119. doi: 10.3390/biology12081119.
In recent years, extensive research efforts have been directed toward pluripotent stem cells, primarily due to their remarkable capacity for pluripotency. This unique attribute empowers these cells to undergo self-renewal and differentiate into various cell types originating from the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm germ layers. The delicate balance and precise regulation of self-renewal and differentiation are essential for the survival and functionality of these cells. Notably, exposure to specific environmental stressors can activate numerous transcription factors, initiating a diverse array of stress response pathways. These pathways play pivotal roles in regulating gene expression and protein synthesis, ultimately aiming to preserve cell survival and maintain cellular functions. Reactive oxygen species, heat shock, hypoxia, osmotic stress, DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and mechanical stress are among the examples of such stressors. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the impact of environmental stressors on the growth of embryonic cells. Furthermore, we provide a summary of the distinct stress response pathways triggered when pluripotent stem cells are exposed to different environmental stressors. Additionally, we highlight recent discoveries regarding the role of such stressors in the generation, differentiation, and self-renewal of induced pluripotent stem cells.
近年来，大量的研究工作都集中在多能干细胞上，这主要是因为它们具有非凡的多能性。这种独特的特性使这些细胞能够进行自我更新，并分化为源自外胚层、中胚层和内胚层胚层的各种细胞类型。自我更新和分化的微妙平衡及精确调控对于这些细胞的存活和功能至关重要。值得注意的是，暴露于特定的环境应激源会激活众多转录因子，启动一系列不同的应激反应途径。这些途径在调节基因表达和蛋白质合成中起着关键作用，最终目的是维持细胞存活并保持细胞功能。活性氧、热休克、缺氧、渗透压应激、DNA损伤、内质网应激和机械应激等都是此类应激源的例子。在本综述中，我们全面讨论了环境应激源对胚胎细胞生长的影响。此外，我们总结了多能干细胞暴露于不同环境应激源时触发的不同应激反应途径。此外，我们还强调了关于此类应激源在诱导多能干细胞的产生、分化和自我更新中的作用的最新发现。
