Li Wenhui, Liu Zhaoyue, Tang Fengwei, Jiang Hao, Zhou Zhengyuan, Hao Xiuqing, Zhang Jia Ming
Department of Radiology, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital 6 of Nantong University, Yancheng 224000, China.
College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics; Nanjing 210016, China.
Micromachines (Basel). 2023 Aug 21;14(8):1648. doi: 10.3390/mi14081648.
Liver diseases are the primary reason for morbidity and mortality in the world. Owing to a shortage of organ donors and postoperative immune rejection, patients routinely suffer from liver failure. Unlike 2D cell models, animal models, and organoids, 3D bioprinting can be successfully employed to print living tissues and organs that contain blood vessels, bone, and kidney, heart, and liver tissues and so on. 3D bioprinting is mainly classified into four types: inkjet 3D bioprinting, extrusion-based 3D bioprinting, laser-assisted bioprinting (LAB), and vat photopolymerization. Bioinks for 3D bioprinting are composed of hydrogels and cells. For liver 3D bioprinting, hepatic parenchymal cells (hepatocytes) and liver nonparenchymal cells (hepatic stellate cells, hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells, and Kupffer cells) are commonly used. Compared to conventional scaffold-based approaches, marked by limited functionality and complexity, 3D bioprinting can achieve accurate cell settlement, a high resolution, and more efficient usage of biomaterials, better mimicking the complex microstructures of native tissues. This method will make contributions to disease modeling, drug discovery, and even regenerative medicine. However, the limitations and challenges of this method cannot be ignored. Limitation include the requirement of diverse fabrication technologies, observation of drug dynamic response under perfusion culture, the resolution to reproduce complex hepatic microenvironment, and so on. Despite this, 3D bioprinting is still a promising and innovative biofabrication strategy for the creation of artificial multi-cellular tissues/organs.
肝脏疾病是全球发病和死亡的主要原因。由于器官供体短缺和术后免疫排斥反应，患者经常遭受肝衰竭的困扰。与二维细胞模型、动物模型和类器官不同，三维生物打印能够成功用于打印包含血管、骨骼以及肾脏、心脏和肝脏组织等的活体组织和器官。三维生物打印主要分为四种类型：喷墨式三维生物打印、挤出式三维生物打印、激光辅助生物打印（LAB）和光固化立体成型。用于三维生物打印的生物墨水由水凝胶和细胞组成。对于肝脏三维生物打印，通常使用肝实质细胞（肝细胞）和肝脏非实质细胞（肝星状细胞、肝窦内皮细胞和库普弗细胞）。与以功能有限和结构复杂为特征的传统基于支架的方法相比，三维生物打印能够实现精确的细胞沉降、高分辨率以及更高效地使用生物材料，更好地模拟天然组织的复杂微观结构。这种方法将为疾病建模、药物发现乃至再生医学做出贡献。然而，这种方法的局限性和挑战也不容忽视。局限性包括需要多种制造技术、在灌注培养下观察药物动态反应、再现复杂肝脏微环境的分辨率等。尽管如此，三维生物打印仍然是一种有前途的创新性生物制造策略，用于创建人工多细胞组织/器官。
