In vitro construction of liver organoids with biomimetic lobule structure by a multicellular 3D bioprinting strategy.

Liver disease is one of the serious threats to human life and health. Three-dimensional (3D) liver models, which simulate the structure and function of natural liver tissue in vitro, have become a common demand in medical, scientific and pharmaceutical fields nowadays. However, the complex cellular composition and multi-scale spatial arrangement of liver tissue make it extremely challenging to construct liver models in vitro. According to HepaRG preference and printing strategy, the formulation of bioink system with opposite charge is optimized. The sodium alginate-based bioink 1 and dipeptide-based bioink 2 are used to ensure structural integrity and provide flexible designability, respectively. The HepaRG/HUVECs/LX-2-laden liver organoids with biomimetic lobule structure are fabricated by a multicellular 3D droplet-based bioprinting strategy, to mimic the cell heterogeneity, spatial structure and extracellular matrix (ECM) features. The liver organoids can maintain structural integrity and multicellular distribution within the printed lobule-like structure after 7 days of culture. Compared with the 2D monolayer culture, the constructed 3D organoids show high cell viability, ALB secretion and urea synthesis levels. This study provides a droplet-based and layer-by-layer 3D bioprinting strategy for in vitro construction of liver organoids with biomimetic lobule structure, giving meaningful insights in the fields of new drugs, disease modelling, and tissue regeneration.