Luo Shumin, Chen Jing, Xu Fang, Chen Huan, Li Yiru, Li Weihua
Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
Pharmaceutics. 2023 Aug 1;15(8):2070. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082070.
Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles released by diverse types of cells for complex intercellular communication. Numerous studies have shown that exosomes can regulate the body's immune response to tumor cells and interfere with the tumor microenvironment (TME). In clinical trials on dendritic cell (DC)-based antitumor vaccines, no satisfactory results have been achieved. However, recent studies suggested that DC-derived exosomes (DEXs) may be superior to DC-based antitumor vaccines in avoiding tumor cell-mediated immunosuppression. DEXs contain multiple DC-derived surface markers that capture tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and promote immune cell-dependent tumor rejection. These findings indicate the necessity of the further development and improvement of DEX-based cell-free vaccines to complement chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and other immunotherapies. In this review, we highlighted the recent progress of DEXs in cancer immunotherapy, particularly by concentrating on landmark studies and the biological characterization of DEXs, and we summarized their important role in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) and clinical application in targeted cancer immunotherapy. This review could enhance comprehension of advances in cancer immunotherapy and contribute to the elucidation of how DEXs regulate the TIME, thereby providing a reference for utilizing DEX-based vaccines in clinical practice.
外泌体是多种类型细胞释放的纳米级囊泡，用于复杂的细胞间通讯。大量研究表明，外泌体可调节机体对肿瘤细胞的免疫反应，并干扰肿瘤微环境（TME）。在基于树突状细胞（DC）的抗肿瘤疫苗的临床试验中，尚未取得令人满意的结果。然而，最近的研究表明，DC来源的外泌体（DEXs）在避免肿瘤细胞介导的免疫抑制方面可能优于基于DC的抗肿瘤疫苗。DEXs包含多种DC来源的表面标志物，这些标志物可捕获肿瘤相关抗原（TAAs）并促进免疫细胞依赖性肿瘤排斥。这些发现表明，有必要进一步开发和改进基于DEXs的无细胞疫苗，以补充化疗、放疗和其他免疫疗法。在本综述中，我们重点介绍了DEXs在癌症免疫治疗方面的最新进展，特别是通过关注具有里程碑意义的研究和DEXs的生物学特性，并总结了它们在肿瘤免疫微环境（TIME）中的重要作用以及在靶向癌症免疫治疗中的临床应用。本综述可增进对癌症免疫治疗进展的理解，并有助于阐明DEXs如何调节TIME，从而为在临床实践中使用基于DEXs的疫苗提供参考。
