Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.
Interventional Institute of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.
Int J Biol Sci. 2022 Sep 1;18(15):5607-5623. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.76281. eCollection 2022.
Immunotherapy treatments harnessing the immune system herald a new era of personalized medicine, offering considerable benefits for cancer patients. Over the past years, tumor neoantigens emerged as a rising star in immunotherapy. Neoantigens are tumor-specific antigens arising from somatic mutations, which are proceeded and presented by the major histocompatibility complex on the cell surface. With the advancement of sequencing technology and bioinformatics engineering, the recognition of neoantigens has accelerated and is expected to be incorporated into the clinical routine. Currently, tumor vaccines against neoantigens mainly encompass peptides, DNA, RNA, and dendritic cells, which are extremely specific to individual patients. Due to the high immunogenicity of neoantigens, tumor vaccines could activate and expand antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to intensify anti-tumor immunity. Herein, we introduce the origin and prediction of neoantigens and compare the advantages and disadvantages of multiple types of neoantigen vaccines. Besides, we review the immunizations and the current clinical research status in neoantigen vaccines, and outline strategies for enhancing the efficacy of neoantigen vaccines. Finally, we present the challenges facing the application of neoantigens.
免疫疗法利用免疫系统，开创了个性化医疗的新时代，为癌症患者带来了巨大的益处。近年来，肿瘤新生抗原成为免疫疗法的一颗新星。新生抗原是来自体细胞突变的肿瘤特异性抗原，由主要组织相容性复合体在细胞表面进行加工和呈递。随着测序技术和生物信息工程的进步，对新生抗原的识别已经加速，并有望纳入临床常规。目前，针对新生抗原的肿瘤疫苗主要包括肽、DNA、RNA 和树突状细胞，这些疫苗对个体患者具有极高的特异性。由于新生抗原具有高度的免疫原性，肿瘤疫苗可以激活和扩增抗原特异性 CD4+和 CD8+T 细胞，从而增强抗肿瘤免疫。本文介绍了新生抗原的起源和预测，并比较了多种类型的新生抗原疫苗的优缺点。此外，我们还综述了新生抗原疫苗的免疫接种和当前的临床研究现状，并概述了提高新生抗原疫苗疗效的策略。最后，我们提出了新生抗原应用所面临的挑战。
