Larval density in the invasive : Immediate and delayed effects on life-history traits.

The effects of density are key in determining population dynamics, since they can positively or negatively affect the fitness of individuals. These effects have great relevance for polyphagous insects for which immature stages develop within a single site of finite feeding resources. is a crop pest that induces severe economic losses for agricultural production; however, little is known about the effects of density on its life-history traits. In the present study, we (i) investigated the egg distribution resulting from females' egg-laying strategy and (ii) tested the immediate (on immatures) and delayed (on adults) effects of larval density on emergence rate, development time, potential fecundity, and adult size. The density used varied in a range between 1 and 50 larvae. We showed that 44.27% of the blueberries used for the oviposition assay contained between 1 and 11 eggs in aggregates. The high experimental density (50 larvae) has no immediate effect in the emergence rate but has effect on larval developmental time. This trait was involved in a trade-off with adult life-history traits: The time of larval development was reduced as larval density increased, but smaller and less fertile females were produced. Our results clearly highlight the consequences of larval crowding on the juveniles and adults of this fly.