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道金斯是否放弃了他反对群体选择的自私基因论点?

Did dawkins recant his selfish gene argument against group selection?

作者信息

Tanghe Koen B

机构信息

UGent, Philosophy and Moral Sciences, Gent, Blandijnberg 2, Belgium. kbt.ugent@ gmail.com.

出版信息

Theor Biol Forum. 2023 Jul 1;116(1-2):75-86. doi: 10.19272/202311402005.

DOI:10.19272/202311402005
PMID:37638481
Abstract

In 2007, David S. Wilson and Edward O. Wilson (27) pointed out that, Richard Dawkins had admitted that, contrary to what he had claimed in his book The Selfish Gene (1976) (7), the idea that only the gene is a fundamental unit of selection cannot be used as an argument against the notion of group selection. This elicited a sharp denial from Dawkins (30), which was followed by an explanatory reply by Wilson and Wilson (33) and another vehement denial by Dawkins (34). I analyse the prehistory of this surprisingly complex and convoluted dispute and subsequently disentangle it. My conclusion is that much of it is based on a series of misunderstandings. First, Wilson's and Wilson's (27) original interpretation of Dawkins' selfish gene argument was incorrect. Second, in their explanatory reply (33), they distinguished between two kinds of group selection: the idea that groups can be units of selection (theoretical group selection) and the idea that group selection plays a functional role in evolution (functional group selection). They clarified that their claim concerned theoretical group selection, not functional group selection. Third, that clarified claim was correct and not correct. It was incorrect because Dawkins has never explicitly acknowledged that he had erred by developing his selfish gene theory as an implicit argument against this kind of group selection. However, the distinction that he made, by 1978, between two kinds of unit of selection, replicators (genes) and vehicles (somas), does imply such an acknowledgment since it holds that groups can be units of selection (vehicles). In this important sense, Wilson's and Wilson's clarified claim (33) was correct. Fourth, Dawkins' second denial (34) concerned functional group selection, not theoretical group selection.

摘要

2007年,大卫·S·威尔逊和爱德华·O·威尔逊指出,理查德·道金斯承认,与他在《自私的基因》(1976年)一书中所宣称的内容相反,仅基因是选择的基本单位这一观点不能被用作反对群体选择概念的论据。这引发了道金斯的强烈否认,随后威尔逊和威尔逊做出了解释性回应,接着道金斯又进行了激烈否认。我分析了这场惊人复杂且曲折的争论的前世今生,并随后理清了头绪。我的结论是,这场争论很大程度上基于一系列误解。首先,威尔逊和威尔逊对道金斯自私基因论点的最初解读是错误的。其次,在他们的解释性回应中,他们区分了两种群体选择:群体可以成为选择单位的观点(理论群体选择)以及群体选择在进化中发挥功能性作用的观点(功能群体选择)。他们澄清说,他们的主张涉及理论群体选择,而非功能群体选择。第三,这个澄清后的主张既正确又不正确。说它不正确是因为道金斯从未明确承认他在发展自私基因理论时作为反对这种群体选择的隐含论点犯了错误。然而,他在1978年对两种选择单位,即复制子(基因)和载体(躯体)所做的区分确实意味着这样一种承认,因为它认为群体可以是选择单位(载体)。从这个重要意义上说,威尔逊和威尔逊澄清后的主张是正确的。第四,道金斯的第二次否认涉及功能群体选择,而非理论群体选择。

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