Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India.
Curr Pharm Des. 2023;29(26):2050-2061. doi: 10.2174/1381612829666230828104015.
Allergies are a major health issue. Allergen avoidance, antihistamines, and corticosteroids do not treat the pathology's causes, therefore long-term therapy is essential. Long-term allergen-specific immunotherapy builds immune tolerance to the allergen. Unfortunately, immunotherapies for all allergens are not available, and adverse reactions during therapy, especially in severely allergic persons, remain a worry. In this regard, cell and bio- or nanomaterial-based allergy treatments are promising. This overview covers the most important tactics from these two strategies with examples. Nanotechnology encompasses science, engineering, and technology at 1-100 nm. Due to their one-of-a-kind characteristics, nanomaterials can be used in healthcare. Small molecules' chemical and physical properties are modified by the system's size, shape, content, and function. Toxicity and hypersensitivity reactions need to be evaluated. Regulating the physico-chemical properties of numerous accessible structures would make clinical diagnosis and therapy safer and more successful. Dendrimeric antigens, nanoallergens, and nanoparticles can mimic carrier proteins, boost specific IgE binding, and improve signal detection in allergy diagnosis. In immunotherapy, several allergenic structures like glycodendrimers, liposomes, polymers, and nanoparticles have been used as adjuvants, protectors, or depots for allergens. Nanotechnology has the potential to substantially improve both the diagnosis and treatment of allergies.
过敏是一个主要的健康问题。过敏原回避、抗组胺药和皮质类固醇不能治疗病理原因，因此长期治疗是必要的。长期过敏原特异性免疫疗法可以建立对过敏原的免疫耐受。不幸的是，并非所有过敏原都可进行免疫治疗，而且治疗过程中的不良反应，尤其是在严重过敏的人群中，仍然令人担忧。在这方面，基于细胞和生物或纳米材料的过敏治疗方法很有前景。这篇综述涵盖了这两种策略中最重要的策略，并举例说明了它们的应用。纳米技术涵盖了 1-100nm 尺度的科学、工程和技术。由于其独特的特性，纳米材料可用于医疗保健。小分子的化学和物理性质可以通过系统的大小、形状、内容和功能来改变。需要评估毒性和过敏反应。调节众多可用结构的物理化学性质将使临床诊断和治疗更安全、更成功。树突状抗原、纳米过敏原和纳米颗粒可以模拟载体蛋白，增强特异性 IgE 结合，并提高过敏诊断中的信号检测。在免疫治疗中，已经使用了几种过敏原结构，如糖基树突状聚合物、脂质体、聚合物和纳米颗粒作为佐剂、保护剂或过敏原储存库。纳米技术有可能极大地改善过敏的诊断和治疗。
