Allergy Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain.
Allergy Unit, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.
Allergy. 2021 Nov;76(11):3292-3306. doi: 10.1111/all.14764. Epub 2021 Mar 9.
Nanotechnology is science, engineering and technology conducted at the nanoscale, which is about 1-100 nm. It has led to the development of nanomaterials, which behave very differently from materials with larger scales and can have a wide range of applications in biomedicine. The physical and chemical properties of materials of such small compounds depend mainly on the size, shape, composition and functionalization of the system. Nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, liposomes, polymers, dendrimers and nanogels, among others, can be nanoengineeried for controlling all parameters, including their functionalization with ligands, which provide the desired interaction with the immunological system, that is dendritic cell receptors to activate and/or modulate the response, as well as specific IgE, or effector cell receptors. However, undesired issues related to toxicity and hypersensitivity responses can also happen and would need evaluation. There are wide panels of accessible structures, and controlling their physico-chemical properties would permit obtaining safer and more efficient compounds for clinical applications goals, either in diagnosis or treatment. The application of dendrimeric antigens, nanoallergens and nanoparticles in allergy diagnosis is very promising since it can improve sensitivity by increasing specific IgE binding, mimicking carrier proteins or enhancing signal detection. Additionally, in the case of immunotherapy, glycodendrimers, liposomes, polymers and nanoparticles have shown interest, behaving as platforms of allergenic structures, adjuvants or protectors of allergen from degradation or having a depot capacity. Taken together, the application of nanotechnology to allergy shows promising facts facing important goals related to the improvement of diagnosis as well as specific immunotherapy.
纳米技术是在纳米尺度上进行的科学、工程和技术，约为 1-100nm。它导致了纳米材料的发展，这些材料的行为与较大尺度的材料有很大的不同，可以在生物医学中有广泛的应用。如此小的化合物的材料的物理和化学性质主要取决于系统的尺寸、形状、组成和功能化。纳米粒子、碳纳米管、脂质体、聚合物、树枝状聚合物和纳米凝胶等可以进行纳米工程，以控制所有参数，包括用配体进行功能化，这些配体提供与免疫系统的所需相互作用，即树突状细胞受体来激活和/或调节反应，以及特异性 IgE 或效应细胞受体。然而，也可能会发生与毒性和过敏反应相关的不良问题，需要进行评估。有广泛的可及结构面板，控制其物理化学性质将允许获得更安全和更有效的化合物，以实现临床应用目标，无论是在诊断还是治疗方面。树突状抗原、纳米过敏原和纳米粒子在过敏诊断中的应用非常有前景，因为它可以通过增加特异性 IgE 结合来提高敏感性，模拟载体蛋白或增强信号检测。此外，在免疫治疗的情况下，糖基树枝状聚合物、脂质体、聚合物和纳米粒子已经显示出了兴趣，作为过敏原结构、佐剂或保护剂的平台，防止过敏原降解或具有储存能力。总之，纳米技术在过敏中的应用显示出了有前途的事实，这些事实与改善诊断以及特异性免疫治疗的重要目标有关。
