Medical Microbiology, Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia.
Immun Inflamm Dis. 2023 Aug;11(8):e977. doi: 10.1002/iid3.977.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is still a significant global health problem despite therapeutic advancements. Ribavirin and interferon therapy have been the sole available treatments for HCV infection for a number of years with low efficacy. Thus, currently, a number of therapeutic strategies are being used, including nanoparticles (NPs), micro-RNAs such as small interfering RNA (siRNA), RNAi-based gene silencing and antisense oligonucleotide-based microRNA-122, microRNA-155, and short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs), and immunotherapeutic approaches such as anti-programmed cell death 1(PD-1), monoclonal antibodies (mAb or moAb), and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs). Furthermore, direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) and host-targeting agents (HTA) were also the current therapeutic approaches with great efficacy. In spite of different clinical trials on HCV vaccine developments, nowadays there is no effective HCV vaccine in opposition to virus due to various challenges including genetic diversity, lack of immunocompetent small animal models, shortage of HCV vaccination testing alternatives, lack of an effective tissue culture method for replicating HCV, and inadequate knowledge regarding to immune responses against HCV infection. Nowadays, mRNA vaccine, recombinant viral vector, peptides vaccine, virus-like particles, DNA vaccine, rational designed vaccine, and recombinant polyantigenic T-cell-based vaccine are novel promising candidates for HCV vaccine based on various clinical trials. This review summarizes the different therapeutic approaches and the advancements of vaccine candidates for HCV infection.
尽管治疗方法取得了进展，但丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）感染仍然是一个重大的全球健康问题。多年来，利巴韦林和干扰素治疗一直是 HCV 感染的唯一可用治疗方法，但疗效较低。因此，目前正在使用许多治疗策略，包括纳米颗粒（NPs）、微小 RNA 如小干扰 RNA（siRNA）、基于 RNAi 的基因沉默和基于反义寡核苷酸的 microRNA-122、microRNA-155 和短发夹 RNA（shRNA）以及免疫治疗方法，如抗程序性细胞死亡 1（PD-1）、单克隆抗体（mAb 或 moAb）和单核细胞衍生的树突状细胞（Mo-DCs）。此外，直接作用抗病毒药（DAAs）和宿主靶向药物（HTA）也是目前具有高效的治疗方法。尽管针对 HCV 疫苗开发进行了不同的临床试验，但由于包括遗传多样性、缺乏免疫活性小动物模型、缺乏 HCV 疫苗接种测试替代方案、缺乏有效的 HCV 复制组织培养方法以及对 HCV 感染免疫反应的了解不足等各种挑战，目前尚无针对该病毒的有效 HCV 疫苗。如今，mRNA 疫苗、重组病毒载体、肽疫苗、病毒样颗粒、DNA 疫苗、合理设计的疫苗和重组多抗原 T 细胞疫苗是基于各种临床试验的 HCV 疫苗的新型有前途的候选物。本文综述了 HCV 感染的不同治疗方法和疫苗候选物的进展。
