Manipulating TGF-β signaling to optimize immunotherapy for cervical cancer.

Cervical cancer is a serious threat to women's health globally. Therefore, identifying key molecules associated with cervical cancer progression is essential for drug development, disease monitoring, and precision therapy. Recently, TGF-β (transforming growth factor-beta) has been identified as a promising target for cervical cancer treatment. For advanced cervical cancer, TGF-β participates in tumor development by improving metastasis, stemness, drug resistance, and immune evasion. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that TGF-β blockade effectively improves the therapeutic effects, especially immunotherapy. Currently, agents targeting TGF-β and immune checkpoints such as PD-L1 have been developed and tested in clinical studies. These bispecific antibodies might have the potential as therapeutic agents for cervical cancer treatment in the future.